Esketamine/Ketamine: Dual‐Action Mechanisms and Clinical Prospects beyond Anesthesia in Psychiatry, Immunology, and Oncology
Advanced Science December 14, 2025 Yong Wang, Jiangang Xu, Xinyu Zhou et al. 5 citations
Esketamine and ketamine are perioperative analgesics and anesthetics widely used in Europe and the United States, but their application in China is still in early stages. They primarily act through non-competitive antagonism of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), though they also affect multiple other receptors and pathways. Due to potential side effects and addictive properties, they are subject to regulatory controls. This review synthesizes recent research on their classical applications—analgesia, sedation, and anesthesia—as well as emerging antidepressant, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory effects. By integrating preclinical and clinical findings and considering limitations, the review aims to inform clinical use and future research directions for these versatile agents.