Recent evidence shows that several nonpharmacological and drug therapies can benefit people with major depressive disorder. Effective options include exercise, a Mediterranean diet with structured dietary support, ketamine and esketamine, anti-inflammatory drugs, brexanolone, and psilocybin.
Compared with injectable ketamine, esketamine was linked to higher risks of suicidal ideation (24% increase), generalized anxiety disorder (55% increase), insomnia (25% increase), and cardiac arrest (57% increase). Compared with oral antidepressants in treatment-resistant depression, esketamine was associated with lower risks of suicidal ideation (11% decrease), suicide attempt (29% decrease), and generalized anxiety disorder (18% decrease), but a higher risk of cardiac arrest (109% increase). Injectable ketamine showed a more favorable safety and effectiveness profile than esketamine. Head-to-head clinical trials are needed to validate these findings.