MDMA in humans: factors which affect the neuropsychobiological profiles of recreational ecstasy users, the integrative role of bioenergetic stress
Journal of Psychopharmacology March 1, 2006 Andy C. Parrott 139 citations
Recreational ecstasy/MDMA users show a range of neuropsychobiological deficits, but not all users are affected. Heavy use, especially intensive sessions, is linked to memory, attention, and executive function problems, as well as disturbed sleep, sexual dysfunction, reduced immune function, and oxidative stress. Around 90–95% of users also take cannabis, which independently contributes to adverse effects, though acute co-use may sometimes be interactive rather than additive. Alcohol, nicotine, and amphetamine further complicate outcomes. Pure MDMA users are rare but still show significant neurocognitive deficits.