Neuroreport
May 28, 2008
Robyn L. Bluhm, Elizabeth A. Osuch, Ruth A. Lanius et al.
229 citations
The default mode network, a set of brain regions active during rest, can be identified by both region of interest-based correlation analyses and independent component analysis. In a study of 40 participants, both methods successfully identified the network. Age and sex differences in the network were small, and the two analytic techniques agreed less on these differences than on the network's structure.
European journal of psychotraumatology
May 19, 2015
Ruth A. Lanius
126 citations
A recently proposed four-dimensional model categorizes trauma-related psychopathology into symptoms occurring within normal waking consciousness and those that are dissociative, associated with trauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC). The dimensions are time, thought, body, and emotion. Clinical applications and future research directions for each dimension are discussed. This model has transdiagnostic implications for trauma-related disorders in both the DSM and ICD. It provides a framework, guided by existing dissociation models, for future research on the phenomenological, neurobiological, and physiological underpinnings of trauma-related dissociation.
Journal of Trauma & Dissociation
March 20, 2014
Paul Frewen, Ruth A. Lanius
59 citations
A 4-D model classifies posttraumatic stress symptoms into those occurring in normal waking consciousness versus those representing dissociative altered states of consciousness. Across four dimensions—time-memory, thought, body, and emotion—the model predicts that dissociative symptoms are less frequent, less intercorrelated as momentary states, more common in people with high dissociative symptoms, and more frequent after repeated trauma, especially early developmental trauma. In a sample of 74 women with PTSD primarily from childhood trauma and 504 undergraduates, the first two predictions were supported; the third held in the PTSD sample. However, childhood trauma severity was not strongly linked to dissociative symptoms, indicating further research is needed.