In early Pāli Buddhist literature, meditation objects are not fixed but varied, reflecting a tradition that emphasizes a graduated path tailored to individual needs. Objects that induce calm and meditative states (jhāna) are typically recommended before those producing insight, though some objects can foster both. The Dhammapada narratives illustrate a flexible pedagogy that uses internal and external experiences, chance events, and skilled teacher interventions to guide practitioners. The key is how objects are given and used, prioritizing individual need over rigid structure.
In Southern (Pali) Buddhism, also called Theravada, the term "meditation" translates to bhāvanā, which encompasses chanting, devotions, offerings, and recollections, not just sitting practice. These activities support both samatha (calm) and vipassanā (insight) meditation. The chapter examines how sitting practice elements from calm and insight schools work together with these supports, and explores the complex relationship between the two modes. It emphasizes the tradition's focus on guided meditation and discusses adaptations as these practices have spread globally beyond their traditional homes in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Myanmar.