Rethinking Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review of Novel Therapeutic Strategies and Precision Medicine Approaches.
Actas espanolas de psiquiatria December 1, 2025 Safiye Zeynep Tatlı, Murat İlhan Atagün 2 citations
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) affects many people who do not get better with standard antidepressants. This review of studies from 2015 to 2025 finds that newer treatments such as ketamine, esketamine, psychedelics, and neuromodulation therapies like repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and magnetic seizure therapy show promise. Some patients with TRD may actually have a bipolar spectrum condition and respond better to mood stabilizers and antipsychotics. Using biomarkers and pharmacogenetics could help choose the right treatment for each person. A multidisciplinary, personalized approach is needed to improve outcomes for TRD.