A scoping review of 24 empirical or proof-of-concept studies examined digitally induced altered states of consciousness (DIAL), finding immersive virtual reality, biofeedback, and artificial intelligence as the most prominent technologies, with visual, auditory, and light stimulation as common modalities. Most studies relied on self-reports, focusing on psychophysiological effects or individual differences, while only half reported effect sizes. As the first review to use the DIAL concept, it critically examines existing literature and outlines avenues for further research.
Digital technologies are increasingly able to induce altered states of consciousness (ASC), a phenomenon the authors term digitally-induced altered states of consciousness (DIAL). Examples range from binaural beats to video games. The authors propose DIAL as a unified field for studying all digital technologies used to alter consciousness. They argue that the societal impact of DIAL technologies will be widespread, affecting political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal (PESTEL) contexts. The paper outlines a research agenda to encourage interdisciplinary discussion and preparation for the ubiquity of these technologies.