Mind-Altering Digital Technologies: A Scoping Review
International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction July 10, 2026 Terho Ojell-Järventausta, Anatolii Belousov, Mila Bujić et al.
A scoping review of 24 empirical or proof-of-concept studies examined digitally induced altered states of consciousness (DIAL), finding immersive virtual reality, biofeedback, and artificial intelligence as the most prominent technologies, with visual, auditory, and light stimulation as common modalities. Most studies relied on self-reports, focusing on psychophysiological effects or individual differences, while only half reported effect sizes. As the first review to use the DIAL concept, it critically examines existing literature and outlines avenues for further research.