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Stephen LaBerge

Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.

11 papers in the library · 381 citations · publishing 1988-2025

Papers

Varieties of Lucid Dreaming Experience

Advances in consciousness research February 15, 2000 Stephen LaBerge, Donald J. Degracia 77 citations

Lucid dreaming, like all conscious experience, varies greatly between individuals due to a combination of anatomical, physiological, and psychological factors. Anatomical limits include breath and sensory system development; physiological factors include sleep and REM sleep needs, along with inborn activation and damping tendencies; psychological variation arises from recent and long-term experiences, habits of interacting with the environment, and assumptions about how the world works. The quoted passages do not support any conclusions about the nature of eroticism in lucid dreaming, only that the experience itself is subject to individual variation.

Psychophysiological correlates of lucid dreaming.

Dreaming June 1, 2006 Brigitte Holzinger, Stephen LaBerge, Lynne Levitan 69 citations

In lucid dreams, where dreamers are aware they are dreaming, brain activity in the beta-1 frequency band (13–19 Hz) is higher in both parietal regions compared to nonlucid REM sleep. The ratio of frontal to parietal beta-1 activity shifts from 1 to 1.16 in nonlucid dreams to 1 to 1.77 in lucid dreams. The greatest increase tends to occur in the left parietal lobe (P3), an area linked to semantic understanding and self-awareness. Seven men and four women experienced in lucid dreaming were recorded over two nights, with lucidity confirmed by dream reports and eye-movement signals in response to light stimuli.

Pre-sleep treatment with galantamine stimulates lucid dreaming: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study

PLoS ONE August 8, 2018 Stephen LaBerge, Kristen Lamarca, Benjamin Baird 59 citations

Taking galantamine, a drug that boosts the brain chemical acetylcholine, significantly increases the chance of having a lucid dream—a dream where the dreamer knows they are dreaming. In a study of 121 people interested in lucid dreaming, 14% reported a lucid dream after a placebo, compared to 27% after a 4 mg dose and 42% after an 8 mg dose. The drug also improved dream recall, sensory vividness, and complexity. Lucid dreams themselves were more vivid, clear, controlled, and emotionally positive than non-lucid dreams. Combining galantamine taken in the last third of the night with a brief awakening and a focused mental technique is one of the most effective ways to induce lucid dreams.

Lucid dreaming occurs in activated rapid eye movement sleep, not a mixture of sleep and wakefulness.

Sleep April 11, 2022 Benjamin Baird, Giulio Tononi, Stephen LaBerge 41 citations

Lucid dreaming is not a hybrid state mixing sleep and wakefulness, as previously claimed based on increased 40 Hz brain activity. The apparent rise in frontolateral 40 Hz power during lucid REM sleep is actually an artifact caused by saccadic spike potentials from heightened eye movement density. In a reanalysis of 14 signal-verified lucid dreams from six participants, lucid REM sleep showed higher REM density than baseline REM sleep, but no difference in 40 Hz power after removing the spike potential artifact. Lucid REM also showed small reductions in low-frequency and beta band power and increased signal complexity, all within normal REM sleep variation. Lucid dreams involve higher physiological activation, including subcortical and cortical measures.

Two-Way Communication in Lucid REM Sleep Dreaming.

Trends in cognitive sciences June 1, 2021 Benjamin Baird, Stephen LaBerge, Giulio Tononi 13 citations

Lucid dreamers can use eye movements to report on their dream content in real time during REM sleep, challenging the long-held belief that dreamers are completely isolated from the outside world. Sensory input is not entirely suppressed during sleep. A recent study by Konkoly et al. demonstrates that experimenters can question lucid dreamers during ongoing dreams and explores the feasibility of more extended two-way communication during lucid REM sleep dreaming.

Electrophysiological Correlates of Lucid Dreaming: Sensor and Source Level Signatures.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience May 14, 2025 Çağatay Demirel, Jarrod Gott, Kristoffer Appel et al. 8 citations

Lucid dreaming, where a person becomes aware they are dreaming, is linked to REM sleep. To overcome previous research limitations, a new preprocessing pipeline was applied to pooled EEG data from multiple labs. Sensor-level differences between lucid and nonlucid REM sleep were minimal, but source-level analysis revealed reduced beta power (12-30 Hz) in right central and parietal areas, including the temporoparietal junction, during lucid dreaming. Alpha-band (8-12 Hz) connectivity increased compared to nonlucid REM sleep. During eye signaling of lucidity, gamma1 power (30-36 Hz) increased in right temporo-occipital regions, including the precuneus, and interhemispheric gamma1 connectivity rose. These patterns suggest shifts in network communication underlying changes in perception, self-awareness, and cognitive control.

Electrophysiological correlates of lucid dreaming: sensor and source level signatures

bioRxiv Preprint Server April 9, 2024 Çağatay Demirel, Jarrod Gott, Kristoffer Appel et al. 2 citations preprint

Lucid dreaming, a state of conscious awareness during REM sleep, is associated with specific brain activity patterns. Compared to non-lucid REM sleep, EEG sensor-level differences were few. However, source-level analysis revealed increased gamma1 power (30-36 Hz) in left-hemispheric temporal areas during lucid dreaming, potentially reflecting verbal insight processes, and in right temporo-occipital regions including the precuneus around the onset of lucid eye signaling, linked to self-referential thinking. Beta power (12-30 Hz) decreased in right central and parietal areas including the temporo-parietal junction, possibly related to conscious reality assessment. Alpha-band (8-12 Hz) functional connectivity increased, contrasting with psychedelic states and highlighting enhanced self-awareness.