How MDMA's Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics Drive Desired Effects and Harms
The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology January 16, 2014 C. Michael White 58 citations
MDMA, used by over 16 million Americans, produces desired effects such as increased energy, elevated mood, bonding, and psychedelic experiences, but also carries risks including liver damage, depressed mood, serotonin syndrome, multiorgan failure, cardiovascular events, and death. Its effects stem from a pharmacologic profile combining methamphetamine-like and mescaline-like actions, plus increased release of cortisol, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone. The rave or electronic dance music environment—with warm temperatures, vigorous dancing, loud music, and light shows—accentuates both desirable responses and certain harms. Understanding these factors is essential for education, harm prevention, and treatment.