The use of Psilocybe zapotecorum, called Hongo Borracho, Hongo Santo, or in Zapotec Ni'to be'ya, for healing and divination continues in the Zapotec community of El Peral, San Antonino El Alto in Oaxaca, but its use is decreasing and the mushrooms are more difficult to find, likely due to changing climatic patterns. Some community members still sell these mushrooms. For the Zapotecs of El Peral, the mushrooms can do whatever is asked of them according to a ritual, and they are aware that outsiders use them recreationally, though they do not oppose it. This is the first formal record of Psilocybe mushroom use among Zapotecs of the Valles Centrales Region.
The hallucinogenic mushroom group Panaeolus sensu lato, commonly found on dung and in grasslands, is shown through phylogenomic, multigene phylogenetic, molecular clock, and morphological analyses to form a distinct family, Galeropsidaceae, separate from Bolbitiaceae. The family's taxonomy is revised: accepted genera are Panaeolus and Staktophyllus, with Crucispora and Panaeolopsis synonymized under Panaeolus. Three subgenera are recognized in Panaeolus, including one new subgenus, and eight new species are proposed. Psilocybin production was tested in 14 species using HPLC-MS; two species—the known P. cinctulus and the new P. subfoenisecii—are confirmed to produce psilocybin. The evolution of dung-inhabiting and psilocybin-producing traits in Panaeolus is discussed using phylogenetic relationships and divergence times.