A meta-analysis of 32 randomized controlled trials involving 1,108 elite athletes found that mindfulness training significantly improves mindfulness, psychological resilience, flow state, and reduces sports anxiety, sports depression, and psychological fatigue, but does not significantly affect subjective well-being. The analysis identified that a 7-week intervention with sessions over 60 minutes once per week was most effective for mindfulness. Different mindfulness programs (MAC, MAIC, MBSP, MT, MBSR) showed varying benefits for specific outcomes, such as MAC for resilience and MBSR for depression. The findings suggest that mindfulness training positively impacts elite athletes' psychological state, with optimal methods and durations depending on the targeted outcome.
Lucid dreaming is common among adolescents: 67.4% have experienced it at least once, 30.0% once a month or more, and 12.9% at least once a week. Frequency and uses of lucid dreaming are similar between adolescent athletes and non-athletes. Among those who practiced sports or dance during a lucid dream, 57.1% reported improved waking self-efficacy, while 42.9% reported improved sport performance. There is no evidence that chronotype influences lucid dreaming or that lucid dreaming harms adolescent sleep. Athletes and controls had similar sleep durations, daytime sleepiness, and sleep disturbances, but athletes reported higher sleep quality. Although average sleep met minimum recommendations, a large proportion of adolescents did not get enough sleep, especially on weeknights (47.4% of 14-17 year olds; 20.0% of 18-21 year olds).