Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’): a stressor on the immune system
Immunology March 30, 2004 Thomas J. Connor 101 citations
Amphetamine derivative MDMA (Ecstasy) suppresses the immune system, reducing neutrophil phagocytosis, lowering production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, and increasing the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. It also decreases circulating lymphocyte numbers—especially CD4+ T cells—and impairs T-cell function by reducing mitogen-stimulated proliferation and skewing cytokine production toward a Th2 response. These effects are largely indirect, caused by release of endogenous immunomodulatory substances rather than direct action on immune cells. The physiological changes resemble those of acute stress, suggesting MDMA acts as a chemical stressor on immunity, potentially increasing infection risk for users.