Most mushroom poisonings cause vomiting and diarrhea within 12 hours. Cases with symptoms appearing after a long latency (8–18 hours) strongly suggest amatoxin poisoning, especially after eating wild mushrooms, though shorter latencies do not rule it out. Large meals, chitin-rich mushrooms, mixed meals, and individual factors can shorten latency. Any vomiting and diarrhea after mushroom consumption is suspicious. Unless an expert can identify the mushrooms within 30 minutes, specific amatoxin treatment should begin; starting treatment before analysis can keep mortality rates as low as 5%. Urine analysis for amatoxins is crucial. The text also covers early gastrointestinal syndrome, psychotropic symptoms from psilocybin mushrooms, and renal failure linked to orellanin-containing mushrooms.
MDMA and its analogues are amphetamine derivatives that produce an altered emotional state. For over a decade, ecstasy has been the second most common recreational drug among young adults, especially in the techno scene, after cannabis. A recent survey indicates a shift toward classic amphetamine and hallucinogen use, possibly due to concerns about ecstasy's neurotoxicity and somatic risks. Among hallucinogens, psilocybin mushrooms and LSD are most used. This review summarizes the psychological and somatic effects of hallucinogens, amphetamines, and entactogens.