Consciousness in Indian philosophy and modern physics share overlapping but distinct concepts. Indian traditions (both orthodox and heterodox) define consciousness (prajna) through multiple knowledge domains, each with unique methods and meanings. Modern theoretical and quantum physics offer scientific analyses of consciousness that are compared with these philosophical accounts. The paper explores these parallels without asserting a single unified conclusion, highlighting differences in connotation and methodology across traditions and disciplines.
The article examines Gaudapada's Mandukya Karika and Shankara's commentary to argue that human suffering (Samsara) arises from perceiving duality (subject-object distinction). Freedom (Moksha) is attained through nonduality (Advaita), realized by constant discrimination between the real and unreal. This leads to 'no-mind' (Amanibhava), a state where the mind ceases grasping desires upon recognizing oneself as Existence, Consciousness, Bliss (Brahman). This non-grasping mind constitutes liberation, a Vedantic Samadhi distinct from yogic mystical states.