Kukai on the Diversity of Living Beings (Sections from the Treatise on Ten Stages of Mind of Secret Mandala)
Yearbook Japan December 15, 2025 M. Os’kin
Kukai's Treatise on Ten Stages of Mind of Secret Mandala describes the lowest stage of spiritual progress, where beings lack right seeing and inclination toward the wholesome. This scroll focuses on cosmological issues, detailing classes of living beings whose way of life is based on unwholesome actions, resulting in heightened suffering.