An Overview on the Taxonomy, Phylogenetics and Ecology of the Psychedelic Genera Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus and Gymnopilus

Psilocybin and psilocin, found in psychedelic mushrooms, show therapeutic potential for mental health disorders without the addiction and overdose risks of drugs like cocaine and alcohol. These mushrooms are naturally widespread and easily accessible. The recent surge in research and public interest has created an urgent need for comprehensive field guides and reviews. This review covers species identification, taxonomy, classification, and available DNA sequence data for psychedelic species in the genera Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus, and Gymnopilus, and also describes similar-looking harmful genera.

Study at a glance

Abstract

Psilocybin and psilocin, two psychoactive components found in “magic mushrooms,” have therapeutic potential in a number of mental health disorders without the addictiveness and overdose risks found in other mind-altering drugs, such as cocaine, methamphetamines and alcohol. Psychedelic mushrooms occur naturally, are wide distributed and easily accessible. The need for reviews and comprehensive field guides is urgent due to the recent surge of research into psychedelic mushrooms along with public interest. Psilocybin and psilocin are recorded in mushroom species of Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus , and Gymnopilus . This review discusses species identification, taxonomy and classification, available DNA sequence data and psychedelic species in Psilocybe , Panaeolus, Pluteus , and Gymnopilus , as well as similar looking genera that could be harmful.