Advaita Vedanta and Modern Consciousness Studies: Bridging Classical Indian Philosophy and Contemporary Cognitive Science

Advaita Vedanta, a non-dualistic school of classical Indian philosophy systematized by Śaṅkara, offers a sophisticated framework for understanding consciousness, self, and reality. Modern consciousness studies, an interdisciplinary field, has increasingly engaged with non-Western philosophical resources to address the hard problem of consciousness. This article examines the dialogue between Advaita Vedanta and modern consciousness studies, analyzing peer-reviewed scholarship from 2010 to 2025. The analysis identifies four dimensions: conceptual mapping between Advaitic categories and contemporary philosophy of mind, engagement with the hard problem through non-dualistic frameworks, empirical investigation of Vedantic contemplative practices, and methodological and ethical considerations in cross-cultural work. The dialogue is genuinely productive when conducted with philosophical rigour and respect for distinct frameworks.

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Abstract

Advaita Vedanta, the non-dualistic school of classical Indian philosophy systematized by Śaṅkara in the eighth century, offers one of the most sophisticated philosophical frameworks for understanding the nature of consciousness, self, and reality. Modern consciousness studies, an interdisciplinary field bringing together philosophy of mind, cognitive science, neuroscience, and contemplative traditions, has increasingly engaged with non-Western philosophical resources in addressing the so-called hard problem of consciousness. This article examines the productive dialogue between Advaita Vedanta and modern consciousness studies, focusing on how classical Indian philosophy can illuminate, and be illuminated by, contemporary cognitive science. Drawing on a critical literature review methodology, the study analyses peer-reviewed scholarship in philosophy of mind, comparative philosophy, contemplative studies, and cognitive science published between 2010 and 2025. The analysis identifies four interlocking dimensions of the dialogue: the conceptual mapping between classical Advaitic categories and contemporary philosophy of mind; the engagement with the hard problem of consciousness through non-dualistic frameworks; the empirical investigation of contemplative practices grounded in Vedantic traditions; and the methodological and ethical considerations involved in cross-cultural philosophical work. The study draws on Advaita scholarship including the work of Swami Satchidanandendra, Bina Gupta, Wolfgang Fasching, and Christian Coseru, alongside consciousness studies literature including David Chalmers, Thomas Nagel, Galen Strawson, Evan Thompson, and Jonardon Ganeri. Findings indicate that the dialogue is genuinely productive when conducted with philosophical rigour and respect for the distinct frameworks. The article concludes with implications for philosophy of mind, comparative philosophy, contemplative studies, and Indian philosophy education.