Novel Synthetic Mixed Hallucinogen/Stimulants: Definition, Pharmacology, and Clinical Manifestations

Intoxication from certain substances produces a mix of hallucinogenic and stimulant effects, including anxiety, depression, paranoia, hallucinations, agitation, confusion, nausea, abdominal discomfort, rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, muscle clonus, and dilated pupils. Life-threatening complications can include excited delirium, seizures, hyperthermia, and pulmonary edema. Combining such substances with a serotonergic agent may lead to toxic serotonergic syndrome.

Study at a glance

Abstract

Intoxication results in a mixture of hallucinogenic and stimulant signs and symptoms, including anxiety, depression, paranoia, hallucinations, agitation, confusion, nausea, abdominal discomfort, tachycardia, hypertension, muscle clonus, and pupillary dilation. Life-threatening medical complications include excited delirium, seizures, hyperthermia, and pulmonary edema. Toxic serotonergic syndrome may result from combining with a serotonergic agent.