Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: Outcomes from a Large-Scale Compassionate Use Cohort in Switzerland
OpenAlex – December 01, 2025
Source: OpenAlex
Summary
Real-world data reveals significant improvements in mental health following psychedelic-assisted therapy. Among 115 adults (56.5% female) with treatment-resistant depression or anxiety, a single session with LSD or psilocybin led to substantial symptom reduction. Depressive symptoms decreased with a large effect (partial η² = 0.42), and anxiety symptoms showed a medium effect reduction (partial η² = 0.17). Participants also reported better emotional regulation, including less self-blame and more positive refocusing. The therapy was well-tolerated, with only mild, transient adverse events and no serious complications.
Abstract
Abstract Background Classic serotonergic psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin show promising antidepressant effects in controlled trials, but real-world data from routine clinical care remain limited. Methods This study retrospectively analysed routine data from adults with treatment-resistant depressive and/or anxiety disorders who received a first standardized Psychedelic-assisted Psychotherapy (PAP) cycle with 100 µg LSD or 25 mg psilocybin at a Swiss university hospital (May 2024–October 2025). Self-reported depression (BDI) and trait anxiety (STAI-T) were assessed at screening, one month before treatment, and 1–3 months post-treatment. In a subset of participants, cognitive emotion regulation (CERQ) was assessed pre- and post-treatment. Subjective drug effects and adverse events were recorded on the treatment day. Results The sample consisted of 115 patients (56.5% female; Mean age = 47.5 years). Depressive and anxiety symptoms significantly decreased over time (BDI: F(2,178) = 63.50, p < 0.001, partial η 2 = 0.42; STAI-T: F(1.74,145.9) = 16.97, p < 0.001, partial η 2 = 0.17), with no main effect of substance. CERQ analyses indicated reduced self-blame, rumination and catastrophizing, and increased positive refocusing and reappraisal. Perceived intensity followed distinct temporal profiles for LSD and psilocybin, but comparable subjective drug effects and clinical outcomes. Adverse events were mostly mild and transient, with no serious complications or treatment discontinuations. Conclusions In this compassionate-use real-world cohort, a first fully-active dose PAP session with LSD or psilocybin was well tolerated and associated with significant improvements in depressive and anxiety symptoms. These findings support the feasibility and effectiveness of PAP in specialised routine care.