The effects of ketamine and esketamine on functional outcomes in major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review
Journal of Psychiatric Research – October 30, 2025
Source: OpenAlex
Summary
Esketamine significantly alleviates depressive symptoms and enhances workplace functioning for individuals with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) or major depressive disorder (MDD). In a meta-analysis of clinical trials, over 1,500 participants experienced notable improvements in daily activities and overall well-being. These findings emphasize the importance of incorporating functional outcomes as primary measures in future studies, aligning treatment goals with real-world recovery and productivity. This approach could reshape how medicine addresses depression, particularly in digital mental health interventions and clinical psychology practices.
Abstract
Esketamine alleviates depressive symptoms and improves functioning, notably in workplace domains. Future studies should include functional outcomes as key secondary or co-primary outcomes, reflecting the ultimate goal of recovery in TRD/MDD.