Know thyself (Jnana Yoga): Psychotherapeutic insights from the east.

Summary

Ancient Eastern philosophies, including Vedic, Upanishadic, and Buddhist traditions, have long questioned the nature of the self, proposing concepts like no-self or a universal Self and the illusory nature of the universe. In contrast, Western thought, influenced by Cartesian dualism, has favored an individualist view. Recent psychological research aligns with Eastern perspectives, emphasizing self-understanding, metacognition, and mindfulness for mental health. Some Western psychotherapies already reflect these Eastern insights, but further work is needed to develop and test such approaches empirically.

Study at a glance

Abstract

Humans have asked themselves the question "who am I" from ancient times. Vedic, upanishadic and buddhist philosophers have pointed out over millennia the illusive nature of the individual self, and posit either a no-self, or a universal Self. Vedantic scholars also posit the illusory nature of the universe (Maya) and suggest that the only reality is the knower (Brahman), a view resonating with modern concepts in quantum theory. On the other hand, western philosophers, notably influenced by the Cartesian dualism, have pursued an individualist view of the self. Recent psychological literature is convergent with eastern views and emphasizes the importance of understanding the self, metacognition and mindful practices to understand the mind and its afflictions. Several recent western psychotherapeutic models resonate with, and may have been motivated, at least in part, by ancient eastern philosophy and spiritual practices. More work is needed to develop and implement psychotherapeutic approaches using eastern insights, and to empirically test their effectiveness.

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