Brain sciences
September 3, 2020
Liana Fattore, Matteo Marti, Rafaela Mostallino et al.
63 citations
Sex and gender shape how people respond to drugs, with men more likely to use illicit drugs and seek emergency care for serious overdoses, while women are equally prone to substance use disorders and may be more vulnerable to craving and relapse. Research on classic drugs like THC, morphine, and cocaine shows clear male-female differences. With over 900 new psychoactive substances (NPS) now identified—including synthetic cannabinoids, cathinones, opioids, and dissociatives—knowledge of their sex- and gender-specific effects remains minimal. This review gathers the limited evidence from animal and human studies, emphasizing how much remains unknown about NPS effects across sexes and genders.
Psychopharmacology
January 1, 2015
Veronica Serra, Liana Fattore, Maria Scherma et al.
26 citations
Salvinorin A, the active hallucinogen in Salvia divinorum, does not sustain stable intravenous self-administration in rats, indicating low abuse potential. Male Lister Hooded and Sprague-Dawley rats were given the drug intravenously for 20 days; neither strain consistently pressed an active lever more than an inactive one, failing to meet the criteria for stable self-administration. Although salvinorin A increased dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens shell when given systemically (at 40 μg/kg or higher in Lister Hooded rats and 5 μg/kg or higher in Sprague-Dawley rats), direct injection into the ventral tegmental area produced no significant dopamine change in Lister Hooded rats and only brief elevations in Sprague-Dawley rats. Thus, salvinorin A differs from commonly abused drugs: it affects dopamine transmission but cannot sustain self-administration behavior at the doses tested.
Neuropharmacology
February 1, 2026
Giorgia Corli, Fabrizio De Luca, Sabrine Bilel et al.
1 citation
Repeated exposure to the synthetic cannabinoid AKB48 worsens the visual sensorimotor, sensory gating, and motor reactivity response to the hallucinogens 2C-I and 25I-NBOMe in mice. This effect is more prolonged in males than in females. The underlying mechanism involves neuroplastic changes in the cerebellum and cortex, specifically at serotonin 2A receptors and the serotonin transporter. These changes occur more markedly and rapidly in female mice. The findings highlight a significant interaction between synthetic cannabinoids and psychedelic drugs, which may be relevant to long-term effects and psychiatric consequences of their consumption.