A growing scientific field demonstrates that animal feelings can be investigated using rigorous methods, challenging the long-held view that subjective experiences in non-human animals are beyond scientific reach.
The social origins of consciousness hypothesis proposes that the original adaptive function of consciousness was to enable coordination with group members. Three arguments support this: a phylogenetic argument that consciousness is widespread among animals and likely evolved early to solve the problem of predicting others' behavior and staying together as a group during the Cambrian; a neuroscience argument that even simple brains have capacities for social rewards and pains, with modern brains retaining close connections between social cognition and affect; and an argument from deep adaptive alignment between social pain and harm to animals, building on William James (1890).