During non-rapid eye movement sleep, the brain's response to a direct cortical stimulus is stronger but fails to propagate beyond the stimulation site, unlike during quiet wakefulness when the activation spreads to distant connected areas. This breakdown in cortical effective connectivity may explain why consciousness fades during certain sleep stages despite ongoing brain activity.
The Equanimity Scale (ES-16) was translated into Hindi and tested for reliability and validity with 83 bilingual participants. The translated version showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.725, indicating acceptable internal consistency, and demonstrated good construct validity and cultural relevance. Factor analysis supported the scale's structure. The Hindi ES-16 provides an objective measure of equanimity, a state of psychological composure under stress, and is intended for use in mindfulness-based interventions with Hindi-speaking populations in India.