Sleep paralysis and lucid dreaming are both dissociated states linked to REM sleep. A survey of 1928 adults (ages 18–82, 53% female) found that more frequent lucid dreaming is associated with more frequent sleep paralysis, especially episodes involving vestibular-motor hallucinations. Dissociative experiences during wakefulness predicted both phenomena. However, sleep paralysis was predicted by poor sleep quality, anxiety, and life stress, whereas lucid dreaming was predicted by a tendency toward positive, constructive daydreaming and vivid sensory imagery. The findings suggest that dissociative tendencies during wakefulness extend into REM sleep, but sleep paralysis reflects sleep and well-being issues, while lucid dreaming may stem from greater imaginative capacity and positive imagery in waking life.
Sleep disturbances such as sleep paralysis, lucid dreams, nightmares, and hypnagogic hallucinations are positively associated with reports of paranormal experiences and beliefs, including those involving ghosts, spirits, and near-death experiences. A scoping review of 44 cross-sectional studies found consistent links between these sleep variables and ostensibly paranormal phenomena. The findings suggest that nighttime experiences many people interpret as supernatural may stem from common sleep disruptions. This has clinical implications, such as reducing misdiagnosis and guiding treatment for sleep-related experiences.