Lucid dreaming is common in young children, with its incidence dropping around age 16. A survey of students aged 6-19 found that those in higher-level schools reported more lucid dreams than those in lower-level schools. The authors propose a link between the natural occurrence of lucid dreaming and brain maturation, considering methodological issues.
Sleep paralysis and lucid dreaming are both dissociated states linked to REM sleep. A survey of 1928 adults (ages 18–82, 53% female) found that more frequent lucid dreaming is associated with more frequent sleep paralysis, especially episodes involving vestibular-motor hallucinations. Dissociative experiences during wakefulness predicted both phenomena. However, sleep paralysis was predicted by poor sleep quality, anxiety, and life stress, whereas lucid dreaming was predicted by a tendency toward positive, constructive daydreaming and vivid sensory imagery. The findings suggest that dissociative tendencies during wakefulness extend into REM sleep, but sleep paralysis reflects sleep and well-being issues, while lucid dreaming may stem from greater imaginative capacity and positive imagery in waking life.