Extreme mental states during meditation, sometimes labeled psychosis or spiritual emergency, are interpreted differently across spiritual traditions. Three meditation teachers from distinct philosophical traditions described these states' phenomenology, explained their nature according to their own traditions, and discussed supportive approaches. Having a spiritual teacher for guidance was considered significant. The findings suggest that acknowledging diverse understandings and cultivating a non-judgmental attitude could improve collaboration between clinicians and meditation teachers to support individuals experiencing such states.
Extreme mental states during meditation are framed in two contrasting ways in scientific case reports: as psychiatric symptoms or as spiritual emergencies. A discourse analysis of 22 case studies reveals a divide between biomedical and alternative framings, each offering distinct therapeutic approaches. Some authors blended both perspectives. The findings encourage collaboration between clinicians, therapists, and spiritual teachers to provide a range of supportive options for those experiencing such states.