Drug testing and analysis
January 1, 2012
Paulo Cesar Ribeiro Barbosa, Suely Mizumoto, Michael P Bogenschutz et al.
112 citations
Ayahuasca, a psychedelic brew traditionally used by Amazonian peoples, has spread to urban areas worldwide, raising concerns about potential health risks. A review of 15 studies from the PubMed database examined the emotional, cognitive, and physical health effects of ayahuasca use after acute effects subsided. The accumulated data suggest that ayahuasca use is safe and may even be beneficial under certain conditions. However, methodological bias in the reviewed studies may have contributed to the preponderance of beneficial effects and the few adverse effects reported. The data do not yet allow definitive conclusions about ayahuasca's effects on mental and physical health, but some studies point toward beneficial outcomes.
Scientific reports
June 27, 2019
Jon G Dean, Tiecheng Liu, Sean Huff et al.
111 citations
The psychedelic compound N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is produced naturally in mammals, but whether it is made in the brain was unclear. This study found that the enzymes needed to synthesize DMT are present in the cerebral cortex, pineal gland, and choroid plexus of both rats and humans. In rat brain tissues, the two key enzymes were found together, unlike in peripheral tissues. DMT concentrations in the cerebral cortex of behaving rats were similar to those of neurotransmitters like serotonin. DMT levels in the visual cortex rose significantly after cardiac arrest, even without the pineal gland. These findings indicate the rat brain can synthesize and release DMT at neurotransmitter-like levels, suggesting human brains might do the same.
Comprehensive psychiatry
November 1, 2016
Paulo Cesar Ribeiro Barbosa, Rick J Strassman, Dartiu Xavier Da Silveira et al.
104 citations
Regular ritual use of hoasca (ayahuasca) within a Brazilian religious group in the United States is associated with lower depression and confusion, higher agreeableness and openness, better memory performance, and less recent alcohol use compared to matched controls. The study of 30 members of the União do Vegetal and 27 non-user controls found no adverse effects on neuropsychological function. Lifetime hoasca use correlated with fewer physical health role limitations and less heavy alcohol use, suggesting the religious use of this psychedelic brew may have positive effects on mood and substance use.
Frontiers in pharmacology
January 1, 2016
Andrew R Gallimore, Rick J Strassman
51 citations
The state of consciousness induced by DMT is extraordinary, with users reporting a complete replacement of normal experience by a novel alternate universe filled with complex visual content and sentient beings. The short duration of DMT effects (under 20 minutes) limits single-dose studies. Using pharmacokinetic modeling and blood sampling data, the authors demonstrate that DMT's rapid onset and lack of acute tolerance make it suitable for target-controlled intravenous infusion, a technology used to maintain stable anesthetic levels during surgery. Simulations show this approach can induce a stable, prolonged DMT experience, enabling careful observation of psychological contents, extended accounts, functional neuroimaging, and potential psychotherapeutic applications.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)
May 2, 2026
Zarmeen Zahid, Rick J Strassman, Clifford R Qualls et al.
Blocking the 5-HT1A receptor with pindolol before giving a low dose of DMT to experienced hallucinogen users intensified the drug's subjective effects, with a moderate effect size. Blood pressure also increased shortly after DMT administration, while heart rate was unchanged. The findings suggest that 5-HT1A receptor activity normally dampens the subjective effects of psychedelics, pointing to a functional role for this receptor in shaping the psychedelic experience.