Contemporary science and philosophy increasingly recognize that classical linear, deterministic models cannot account for the complexity of reality, prompting interest in processuality, uncertainty, and self-organization. Sufism, often seen as purely mystical, contains sophisticated concepts of consciousness, self-knowledge, and the unity of being that parallel ideas in cognitive science and complexity theory. This monograph reconstructs the cognitive geometry of Sufism—its spatial and dynamic structures of consciousness—and proposes syntopotentialism, a philosophical paradigm grounded in potentiality as a fundamental ontological principle. Reality is viewed as a multidimensional field of potentialities, consciousness as navigation within this space, and sociality as a dynamic field of interacting potentials, integrating Sufi insights with contemporary science.
This article compares Western philosophical and Sufi models of self-reflection to create an integrative metamodel of subject formation. In Western philosophy, self-reflection is a rational-analytical procedure for clarifying knowledge and securing subjective certainty. In Sufi spiritual anthropology, it is an existential, transformative path involving inner contemplation (murāqaba), self-examination (muḥāsabah), overcoming egocentricity (fanāʾ), and attaining a renewed being (baqāʾ). The study reconstructs ontological, epistemological, and procedural foundations from classical sources. It argues that reflection in philosophy is a cognitive procedure of clarification, while in Sufism it is an ontological event transforming the subject's mode of being. The proposed metamodel treats philosophical analyticity and Sufi transformability as complementary modes in subject formation, expanding self-reflection beyond pure rationality without irrationalizing mystical experience.