From “Special K” to “Special M”: The Evolution of the Recreational Use of Ketamine and Methoxetamine
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics June 1, 2013 O. Corazza, S. Assi, F. Schifano 147 citations
Ketamine, discovered in 1962, is used recreationally for its rapid, short-lived dissociative effects, including the 'K-hole' experience of confusion, dissociation, and depersonalization. Its abuse is linked to physical and psychological side effects, notably bladder toxicity. A newer derivative, methoxetamine, emerged as a legal and purportedly 'bladder-friendly' alternative, offering similar dissociation but with slower onset and longer duration. However, methoxetamine appears associated with worse side effects than ketamine, including mood disturbances, suicidal attempts, and acute cerebellar toxicity. After 50 years, ketamine has spawned methoxetamine, but this derivative does not seem a safer alternative.