Differences in the clinical presentation of acute 3,4-methylenedioxymetamfetamine intoxication by co-intoxication and patient sex to European emergency departments.
Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) March 1, 2025 Joep J. J. Ouwerkerk, David M. Wood, Alison M. Dines et al. 1 citation
When 3,4-methylenedioxymetamfetamine (MDMA) is taken with alcohol, emergency department visits show higher odds of agitation, drowsiness, and vomiting compared to MDMA alone. Co-intoxication with other substances increases odds of bradycardia, psychosis, and coma. Mortality rates remain low across all groups. Female patients report less chest pain but more vomiting, headache, and hypotension than males. These variations suggest that physicians should consider both the type of co-intoxication and patient sex to optimize treatment.