Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
June 1, 2005
Leszek Satora, Dorota Pach, Beata Butryn et al.
79 citations
Eating dried fly agaric mushrooms to induce hallucinations led to visual and auditory hallucinations in four young people, while an 18-year-old woman lost consciousness. She was hospitalized for observation, recovered fully after four days without organ complications, and was discharged. The others had no lasting complaints.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
September 15, 2005
T O G Costa, R A V Morales, J P Brito et al.
16 citations
Bufotenin, a tryptamine alkaloid with hallucinogenic properties similar to LSD, was identified in the skin secretions of three arboreal frog species from the Osteocephalus genus: Osteocephalus taurinus, Osteocephalus oophagus, and Osteocephalus langsdorffii, found in the Amazon and Atlantic rain forests. This is the first report of bufotenin in this genus. The compound acts as a component of the frogs' chemical defense system and interacts with the 5HT2 human receptor. The identification was confirmed using multiple analytical techniques including RP-HPLC, ESI-MS/MS, UV, IR, and multidimensional NMR.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
January 1, 2001
K K Szumlinski, I M Maisonneuve, S D Glick
9 citations
No approved therapy exists for stimulant addiction, but ibogaine and its synthetic analog 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC) reduce stimulant self-administration in animals. Early findings suggested these agents paradoxically enhance dopamine release and motor behaviors, leading to the hypothesis that they increase sensitivity to stimulant effects. However, recent observations show 18-MC does not affect acute cocaine-induced dopamine, and both ibogaine and 18-MC block sensitized dopamine levels from chronic cocaine. This positive relationship between iboga pretreatment and reversal of dopamine sensitization indicates these agents may attenuate self-administration by reversing neuroadaptations linked to craving and compulsive drug-seeking.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
October 1, 2024
Renato Pinto De Sousa, Carlos Mario Freitas De Oliveira, Rita de Cassia De Lima Sousa et al.
6 citations
An ethanolic extract of Mimosa tenuiflora root bark, used in a psychedelic drink called 'jurema wine' in Indigenous Brazilian rituals, was analyzed for chemical composition and acute oral toxicity. Thirteen compounds were identified, including proanthocyanidins, alkaloids, a flavonol, and a dihydrochalcone. In female Swiss mice, single oral doses of 300 and 2000 mg/kg caused no deaths, no changes in food intake or body weight, and the lethal dose 50 (LD50) exceeded 2000 mg/kg, placing the extract in GHS category 5. However, both doses significantly altered relative kidney weights, hematological and biochemical parameters, and caused histopathological changes in the heart, liver, and kidneys, indicating acute oral toxicity.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
June 7, 2025
Simon A Beck, Caine Barlow, Liam Engel et al.
4 citations
A survey of 392 people who consumed psilocybin-containing mushrooms found that 42.1% reported experiencing temporary muscle weakness, a condition called wood-lover paralysis (WLP). Onset typically occurred within 4 hours of ingestion, primarily impairing mobility (80.4%), with some reporting difficulty swallowing (26.7%) and breathing (16.6%). Symptoms persisted into the next day for 48.1% of those affected, and 21.5% experienced a fall or accident. WLP occurred across different preparation methods and growth conditions, with no significant associations with age, gender, health status, or allergies. The results suggest WLP is an under-recognized adverse outcome from certain lignicolous Psilocybe species, warranting further research and awareness for harm reduction.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
August 28, 2024
Yi Yao, Yi-Zhe Zhang, Jia-Qi Liang et al.
2 citations
Two mushroom poisoning incidents in Ningxia, China, were traced to Panaeolus subbalteatus mushrooms. Symptoms appeared about half an hour after eating large amounts, including nausea, vomiting, numbness, dizziness, and disorientation. The mushrooms were identified by morphology and DNA analysis. Psilocybin and psilocin were found in the mushrooms, averaging 1532.2-1760.7 mg/kg and 114.5-136.0 mg/kg respectively. Only psilocin was detected in patients' blood and urine, at average concentrations of 0.5-1.2 ng/mL and 2.5-3.1 ng/mL. These findings can help manage future poisonings.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
September 15, 2016
Vid Leban, Gordana Kozelj, Miran Brvar
A 44-year-old woman in Slovenia developed severe hyponatremia (116 mmol/L) and plasma hypoosmolality (251 mOsm/kg) after participating in a Kambô ritual that involved applying dried skin secretion from the giant leaf frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor) to five fresh burns on her shoulder, followed by drinking 6 liters of water. Laboratory findings showed inappropriately elevated urine osmolality (523 mOsm/kg) and high urine sodium (87 mmol/L), indicating syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). She experienced nausea, vomiting, confusion, lethargy, muscle weakness, spasms, cramps, seizure, decreased consciousness, and short-term memory loss. Treatment with 0.9% sodium chloride and water restriction improved plasma osmolality and sodium within one day, but symptoms resolved only after three days.