Journal of Clinical Psychology
December 29, 2005
3,933 citations
A theoretical model of mindfulness is proposed to explain how it produces positive changes in psychological and physical health. The paper suggests that while mindfulness-based interventions are effective for treating symptoms, the mechanisms behind these effects remain unclear. The model aims to identify potential processes through which mindfulness operates, offering directions for future empirical research on these mechanisms.
Journal of Clinical Psychology
January 1, 2006
1,462 citations
A new self-report questionnaire, the Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS), measures the state of mindfulness. In two studies, the scale showed good internal consistency and two factors: Curiosity and Decentering. TMS scores increased with more mindfulness meditation experience. In a second study, participants in an 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction program showed increased TMS scores after treatment, and Decentering scores predicted improvements in clinical outcomes. The TMS is a promising measure with good psychometric properties and predictive validity for treatment outcome.
Journal of Clinical Psychology
March 6, 2009
528 citations
A theory proposes that mindfulness training works by changing how people relate to their experiences, a process called reperceiving, which then improves self-regulation, values clarity, mental flexibility, and exposure to experiences, leading to better health. Testing this with participants in a mindfulness-based stress-reduction program did not support that changes in reperceiving alone explained how mindfulness affected those four factors. However, when mindfulness and reperceiving scores were combined, there was partial support that those four factors helped reduce psychological distress. The text discusses difficulties in measuring these concepts.
Journal of Clinical Psychology
January 19, 2011
456 citations
Mindfulness-based approaches are increasingly used to treat psychological, psychiatric, and physical problems, including ancient Buddhist meditations (Vipassana, Zen), modern group-based programs (mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy), and psychological interventions (dialectical behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy). This review examines their commonalities and differences in philosophical background, techniques, aims, outcomes, neurobiology, and psychological mechanisms. The interventions show large differences in how mindfulness is conceptualized and practiced. Whether these practices are considered unitary or distinct will likely influence future research directions.
Journal of Clinical Psychology
December 22, 2010
448 citations
A randomized controlled trial with 30 participants tested whether people who already have higher levels of trait mindfulness benefit more from mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Compared to a control group, MBSR led to increases in trait mindfulness, subjective well-being, and empathy that lasted up to 12 months. Participants who began with higher mindfulness showed larger gains in those areas plus hope, and larger reductions in perceived stress over the same period.
Journal of Clinical Psychology
December 9, 2005
235 citations
Once suicidal thoughts emerge in depression, they tend to return whenever sad mood reappears, part of a suicidal mode of mind. This article reviews how mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) may prevent reactivation of that suicidal mode. MBCT combines mindfulness meditation with cognitive therapy, training participants to observe moment-by-moment experience with nonjudgmental acceptance. This helps people see thoughts as mental events rather than facts, a skill called metacognitive awareness. A case example illustrates how mindfulness skills develop and relate to cognitive processes fueling suicidal crises. Pilot work suggests MBCT is a promising intervention for those with past suicidal ideation; an ongoing controlled trial will provide further evidence.
Journal of Clinical Psychology
March 6, 2009
158 citations
Loving-kindness meditation (LKM) may help reduce negative symptoms of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, such as anhedonia, avolition, and asociality, while enhancing hope and purpose in life. Case studies illustrate how to conduct this group treatment, its potential benefits, and difficulties that may arise. LKM requires further empirical support but promises to be an important intervention given the limited treatments for negative symptoms.
Journal of Clinical Psychology
February 24, 2009
Melissa Tanner, Fred Travis, Carolyn Gaylord‐king et al.
58 citations
A 3-month randomized waitlist-controlled trial with 295 university students examined whether practicing the Transcendental Meditation program increases mindfulness, measured by the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Participants who learned TM showed greater increases in overall mindfulness scores over time compared to those on the waitlist. All mindfulness subscales were positively correlated at the start, and these correlations did not change over time or differ between groups. This suggests that previously reported positive correlations between observing and accepting-without-judgment skills only among meditators may stem from self-selection rather than a direct effect of meditation practice.
Journal of Clinical Psychology
October 1, 1977
Michael C. Dillbeck
48 citations
Practicing the Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique twice daily for two weeks reduces anxiety more effectively than twice-daily passive relaxation. Thirty-three graduate and undergraduate students were randomly assigned to either a TM group or a relaxation group. After two weeks, TM was significantly more effective at lowering anxiety, as measured by the Trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. This indicates that the anxiety-reducing effect of TM cannot be attributed solely to sitting quietly twice daily, though further research is needed to determine how much participants' expectations for change contributed to the outcome.
Journal of Clinical Psychology
May 3, 2001
43 citations
Experienced Zen meditators (59 practitioners with at least six years of experience) showed distinct psychological profiles compared to a control group of 24 college students who read magazines. Meditators were less likely to believe in God, more likely to believe in Inner Wisdom, and more likely to exhibit relaxation dispositions such as Mental Quiet, Mental Relaxation, and Timeless/Boundless/Infinite. After an hour of Zazen, meditators reported greater increases in relaxation states including Mental Quiet, Love and Thankfulness, and Prayerfulness, along with reduced Worry. These findings support Smith's ABC Relaxation Theory.
Journal of Clinical Psychology
July 1, 1968
11 citations
No Summary
Journal of Clinical Psychology
July 1, 1965
1 citation
No Summary
Journal of Clinical Psychology
June 15, 2026
Lucas Cruz, Fernando R. Beserra, Julia M.k. Freind et al.
Music is frequently used in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, but there is no standardized protocol for selecting or implementing it. A systematic review of 36 articles found that 25 mentioned music, mostly in studies of psilocybin and MDMA for depressive disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder. Procedures varied widely across studies, partly because different disorders and substances were investigated, and partly because no uniform guidelines exist. Identifying which features of music are prioritized may help guide future clinical practice and research.