Altered states of consciousness during psychotherapy: a historical and cultural perspective.

Altered states of consciousness appear frequently in psychotherapeutic practices across many cultures. Western psychotherapy's historical roots, from the Dionysian rites and Asclepian temples to Mesmerism and psychoanalysis, show a central role for such states. Non-Western healing rituals also employ trance states in culturally varied ways. The widespread presence of altered states in such different cultural contexts suggests they may be a universal component of psychotherapy.

Study at a glance

Abstract

This paper reviews the frequent phenomenon of altered states of consciousness in disparate cultural psychotherapeutic contexts. The historical antecedents of contemporary Western psychodynamic psychotherapy are examined and the central importance of altered states in the therapeutic effects of religious institutions such as the Dionysian rite and the Asclepia is illustrated. The continued presence of this phenomenon in Western psychotherapy from Mesmerism to psychoanalysis is shown. The use of trance states in the healing rituals of non-Western societies is culturally variegated therapeutic settings. The ubiquitous nature of the altered state phenomenon in such widely varied cultural contexts suggests the possibility of its being a universal component of psychotherapy.