Risk assessment of ritual use of oral dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmala alkaloids
Addiction – December 20, 2006
Source: OpenAlex
Summary
Ayahuasca, a brew containing dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmala alkaloids, shows a safety margin similar to codeine and mescaline. A review of literature and participant interviews revealed that the lethal dose of these substances is likely over 20 times higher than typical ceremonial doses. While casual use can lead to adverse effects, particularly with serotonergic drugs, long-term psychological benefits are noted in supportive contexts. Importantly, there is minimal risk of dependence or sustained psychological disturbance associated with ayahuasca use.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aim To extend previous reviews by assessing the acute systemic toxicity and psychological hazards of a dimethyltryptamine and β‐carboline brew (ayahuasca/hoasca) used in religious ceremonies. Method A systematic literature search, supplemented by interviews with ceremony participants. Results No laboratory animal models were located that tested the acute toxicity or the abuse potential of ayahuasca. Separate animal studies of the median lethal dose of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and of several harmala alkaloids indicated that a lethal dose of these substances in humans is probably greater than 20 times the typical ceremonial dose. Adverse health effects may occur from casual use of ayahuasca, particularly when serotonergic substances are used in conjunction. DMT is capable of inducing aversive psychological reactions or transient psychotic episodes that resolve spontaneously in a few hours. There was no evidence that ayahuasca has substantial or persistent abuse potential. Long‐term psychological benefits have been documented when ayahuasca is used in a well‐established social context. Conclusion A decoction of DMT and harmala alkaloids used in religious ceremonies has a safety margin comparable to codeine, mescaline or methadone. The dependence potential of oral DMT and the risk of sustained psychological disturbance are minimal.