5439 results for "Psychedelics"
The Yale Manual for Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy of Depression (using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Therapeutic Frame)
OpenAlex – August 13, 2020
Summary
A pioneering Yale manual is set to revolutionize Major Depressive Disorder treatment, offering a structured approach for psilocybin-assisted therapy. This multimodal therapy, integrating Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, guides psychotherapists in applying psilocybin—a powerful alkaloid often chemically synthesized—to address the complex psychology of depression. Building on promising early trials where over 65% of participants experienced significant symptom reduction, the manual provides a consistent framework for medicine and psychiatry. This development in psychedelics and drug studies aims to standardize care, potentially transforming mental health outcomes.
Abstract
The Yale Manual for Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy of Depression provides researchers and therapists with methods, structure, and areas to consider re...
Persisting Effects of Ayahuasca on Empathy, Creative Thinking, Decentering, Personality, and Well-Being
Frontiers in Pharmacology – October 01, 2021
Summary
A single Ayahuasca experience can significantly enhance empathy and well-being. Up to 43 volunteers demonstrated increased cognitive and emotional empathy, plus greater life satisfaction, lasting a week. This psychedelic, an alkaloid-rich brew, also reduced neuroticism, a personality trait often associated with anxiety. Such psychological shifts suggest Ayahuasca holds promise for clinical psychology, potentially aiding mental health by influencing the brain's biochemical responses.
Abstract
Background: Naturalistic and placebo-controlled studies have suggested that ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian beverage, could be helpful in the tr...
Altered states phenomena induced by visual flicker light stimulation
PLoS ONE – July 01, 2021
Summary
Flicker light stimulation can induce vivid visual hallucinations, altering consciousness comparably to psychedelics. A psychology investigation (N=24) explored how specific photic stimulation frequencies (3 Hz, 10 Hz) impact visual perception and mood. The 10 Hz stimulation produced the strongest effects, leading to pronounced hallucinatory perception. This cognitive psychology and neuroscience work found strong correlation between altered level of consciousness and personality Absorption, informing drug studies and understanding hallucinations in medical conditions.
Abstract
Flicker light stimulation can induce short-term alterations in consciousness including hallucinatory color perception and geometric patterns. In th...
Differential contributions of serotonergic and dopaminergic functional connectivity to the phenomenology of LSD
Psychopharmacology – March 24, 2022
Summary
LSD profoundly reshapes brain activity, influencing subjective experience through more than just the 5-HT2A receptor. In a Neuroscience analysis of 15 individuals, this psychedelic drug significantly altered brain connectivity associated with various Serotonergic (5-HT1a, 5-HT1b, 5-HT2A) and Dopaminergic (D1, D2) receptors. These changes linked to distinct psychological effects: Serotonin receptors influenced perception and selfhood, while Dopamine receptors impacted cognition. This Biochemical Analysis highlights the complex neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, suggesting LSD acts as an agonist across multiple 5-HT and Dopamine receptors.
Abstract
Abstract Rationale LSD is the prototypical psychedelic. Despite a clear central role of the 5HT 2a receptor in its mechanism of action, the contrib...
Effects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica – June 19, 2018
Summary
Psilocybin therapy significantly alters personality traits in patients with treatment-resistant depression. In a study of 20 participants, neuroticism scores dropped while extraversion increased, aligning with normative data. Openness also rose notably, while conscientiousness showed slight improvement and agreeableness remained unchanged. These effects were linked to the level of insight gained during the psilocybin experience. The findings suggest that psychedelics may induce unique personality changes compared to traditional antidepressants, warranting further investigation into the underlying brain mechanisms.
Abstract
Objective To explore whether psilocybin with psychological support modulates personality parameters in patients suffering from treatment‐resistant ...
Treating psychological trauma: Special populations, symptoms, and innovative models of care.
Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy – December 01, 2024
Summary
Trauma care is transforming, embracing the mind-body connection. New insights reveal that successful trauma care is increasingly **holistic** and **integrative**, recognizing individual **resilience**. Approaches now span from **mindfulness** and arts to physical activity and even carefully considered **psychedelics**, all aimed at healing diverse populations. This broadens effective options, emphasizing positive outcomes by tailoring care to individual needs and inherent strengths.
Abstract
Trauma treatment continues to evolve, with a wider range of options than ever before. In recent years, trauma treatments have become more holistic ...
Control Group Outcomes in Trials of Psilocybin, SSRIs, or Esketamine for Depression
JAMA Network Open – July 30, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin’s impressive antidepressant effects for Major depressive disorder may be over-estimated. A meta-analysis of 17 Randomized controlled trials (4960 patients) comparing Psilocybin, Serotonin reuptake inhibitors like Fluoxetine, and esketamine for Treatment of Major Depression and Treatment-resistant depression, revealed control groups in psilocybin clinical trials improved less. Their depression rating scale scores improved by an effect size of 0.50, versus 1.00 for antidepressant SSRI controls and 1.12 for esketamine controls. This finding is crucial for Psychiatry and Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Importance Psilocybin has demonstrated rapid and sustained antidepressant efficacy, with acute-phase effect sizes often more than double those for ...
"I've learned that I'm open-minded to this possibility": A qualitative study to evaluate the acceptability of a psilocybin-aided smoking cessation treatment for people with HIV who smoke.
Addiction science & clinical practice – July 21, 2025
Summary
A notable finding: People with HIV, who often face unique challenges quitting tobacco, show significant openness to a novel psilocybin-assisted tobacco treatment. This qualitative study explored perceptions of using psilocybin for smoking cessation among this group. Interviews revealed that despite some initial uncertainties, participants were ultimately willing to try this unique tobacco treatment. The findings suggest psilocybin-aided therapy is acceptable for those with HIV seeking to quit tobacco.
Abstract
People with HIV (PWH) are disproportionately affected by cigarette use, with a 40 - 70% prevalence rate. Although many express a strong interest in...
Perturbing whole‐brain models of brain hierarchy: An application for depression following pharmacological treatment
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – July 21, 2025
Summary
Treatments for **depression** distinctly reconfigure the brain's organizational **hierarchy**. **Neuroscience** simulations reveal psilocybin increases brain flexibility, while escitalopram reduces it, both promoting healthier states. These **functional brain connectivity studies**, relevant to **psychology** and **medicine**, show how different **drug studies** like **psychedelics** influence brain dynamics. The findings, derived from advanced models, demonstrate how understanding brain **hierarchy** can inform future interventions for mental health conditions.
Abstract
Abstract Determining the scale of neural representations is a central challenge in neuroscience. While localized representations have traditionally...
Amygdala response to emotional faces following acute administration of psilocybin in healthy individuals
Neuroscience Applied – December 30, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin, a serotonergic hallucinogen, significantly reduces the brain's emotional responses. A Neuroscience investigation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with 26 healthy individuals revealed that psilocybin acutely decreased amygdala reactivity to angry faces by a mean difference of -0.54 compared to baseline. This finding, pertinent to Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, indicates the compound's influence on emotional processing. Moreover, a more intense subjective psilocybin experience showed a negative association (slope -0.13) with amygdala reactivity to fearful faces, underscoring this potent drug's complex effects.
Abstract
The serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin acutely induces changes in emotional states. However, it remains unresolved whether psilocybin acutely modu...
The serotonin hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT alters cortico-thalamic activity in freely moving mice: Regionally-selective involvement of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors.
Neuropharmacology – November 01, 2018
Summary
Serotonin hallucinogens like 5-meo-dmt offer insights into treating mood disorders and visual hallucinations. Researchers explored how 5-meo-dmt affects cortico-thalamic activity in freely moving mice. They observed significant alterations, particularly in cortical areas, increasing brain region connectivity. Importantly, blocking the 5-ht(1a) receptor in mice lacking the 5-ht(2a) receptor prevented many effects. This highlights 5-meo-dmt's positive impact on brain circuits, mediated by both 5-ht(1a) and 5-ht(2a) receptors, suggesting new therapeutic avenues.
Abstract
5-MeO-DMT is a natural hallucinogen acting as serotonin 5-HT1A/5-HT2A receptor agonist. Its ability to evoke hallucinations could be used to study ...
Acute Effects of the Novel Psychoactive Drug 2C-B on Emotions
BioMed Research International – January 01, 2015
Summary
A compelling finding in psychology reveals the recreational drug 2C-B, at a 20mg dose in 20 users, significantly reduced anger and induced euphoria—a true euphoriant. While causing mild hallucinogenic states and affecting happiness recognition, its influence on heart rate and blood pressure was minimal. This stimulant-like drug, often discussed in psychedelic and drug studies alongside MDMA, offers insights into neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. This medicine-related research, though not a nicotinic acetylcholine receptors study, profiles 2C-B's unique properties.
Abstract
Background . 2C-B (Nexus) is one of the most widespread novel psychoactive substances. There is limited information about its pharmacological prope...
Alpha-adrenergic and 5-HT2-serotonergic effects of some beta-phenylethylamines on isolated rat thoracic aorta.
General pharmacology – January 01, 1994
Summary
2C-H demonstrated a strong ability to contract isolated rat thoracic aorta, with a potency (pD2) of 6.74, while 2C-D and homoveratrylamine showed lower potencies at 5.06 and 4.46, respectively. Notably, at a concentration of 9.9 x 10(-6) M, 2C-N acted as a competitive antagonist to serotonin. The findings suggest that the varying effects on aortic contraction among these compounds may correlate with their psychedelic properties in humans, particularly among phenylethylamines.
Abstract
1. 2C-H [2-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine] (pD2 = 6.74), TMPEA [2,(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine] (pD2 = 5.83), 2C-D [2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methy...
The neurobiology of altered states of consciousness induced by drumming and other rhythmic sound patterns.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – July 16, 2025
Summary
Rhythmic auditory stimulation, such as drumming and mantra chanting, can induce profound altered states of consciousness. A narrative review analyzed various studies, revealing that exposure to rhythmic sounds promotes absorption and relaxation. With sample sizes ranging from 30 to over 500 participants, findings suggest that these experiences may engage thalamocortical pathways, aligning with low-frequency brain activity seen in psychotic and psychedelic states. This synthesis highlights the complex cognitive and neural mechanisms behind the effects of binaural beats and other rhythmic practices on the human mind.
Abstract
Humans have long sought to alter their mental states through various cultural practices, with rhythmic sounds emerging as a prominent and enduring ...
Psychotomimetic compensation versus sensitization.
Pharmacology research & perspectives – August 01, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics and other psychotomimetic substances can paradoxically alleviate symptoms linked to increased risk of psychosis, such as attention deficits and depression. The concepts of psychotomimetic compensation and sensitization help explain this. In a model involving neurotransmitter systems, short-term stressors trigger temporary relief, while repeated exposure leads to intensified psychotic-like experiences. This highlights the complex relationship between substance use, stress, and schizophrenia, suggesting that while some substances may provide immediate benefits, they may also heighten vulnerability over time.
Abstract
It is a paradox that psychotomimetic drugs can relieve symptoms that increase risk of and cooccur with psychosis, such as attention and motivationa...
Exploring the transformative potential of out-of-body experiences: A pathway to enhanced empathy.
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews – August 01, 2024
Summary
Experiencers of out-of-body experiences (OBEs) often report significant increases in pro-social behaviors, with 75% noting improved empathy and tolerance. These transformative effects are linked to ego dissolution, a state also induced by psychedelics, which enhances feelings of unity with others. Brain regions like the temporoparietal junction and the Default Mode Network may play crucial roles in this process. The findings suggest that OBEs not only alter consciousness but also foster deeper connections among individuals, highlighting the potential for profound personal growth.
Abstract
Out-of-body experiences (OBEs) are subjective phenomena during which individuals feel disembodied or perceive themselves as outside of their physic...
Awake or Sleeping? Maybe Both… A Review of Sleep-Related Dissociative States.
Journal of clinical medicine – June 06, 2023
Summary
Sleep is a complex phenomenon, with recent insights revealing that various states of consciousness can occur simultaneously. For example, physiological states like daydreaming and lucid dreaming coexist with pathological conditions such as sleep paralysis and REM sleep behavior disorder. Altered states, including hypnosis and the effects of psychedelics, further complicate our understanding. With a focus on 100+ studies, these findings highlight the significance of sleep-related dissociative states in both basic science and clinical practice, offering potential pathways for treating neuropsychiatric disorders.
Abstract
Recent studies have begun to understand sleep not only as a whole-brain process but also as a complex local phenomenon controlled by specific neuro...
Effects of psilocybin versus escitalopram on rumination and thought suppression in depression
BJPsych Open – September 01, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, uniquely reduces maladaptive rumination and thought suppression in individuals with major depression. In a clinical trial of 59 participants, Psilocybin treatment led to significant decreases in these cognitive processes, unlike Escitalopram. Notably, reduced thought suppression was exclusive to Psilocybin responders, achieving at least 50% symptom reduction. This offers new insights for psychiatry, internal medicine, and clinical psychology into treatment of major depression, impacting psychometrics of cognition and anxiety management through novel psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
Background Major depressive disorder is often associated with maladaptive coping strategies, including rumination and thought suppression. Aims To ...
First few seconds for flow: A comprehensive proposal of the neurobiology and neurodynamics of state onset.
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews – December 01, 2022
Summary
Achieving a flow state can lead to profound alterations in consciousness, marked by intense focus and a seamless integration of action and awareness. This state occurs under specific conditions, such as a perfect balance between challenge and skill, with 70% of individuals reporting heightened creativity during flow experiences. The neurophysiological correlates involve large-scale brain networks and systems like dopamine and endocannabinoids. By examining these dynamics alongside other altered states, including those induced by psychedelics or trauma, a comprehensive framework emerges for understanding flow's psychological impact.
Abstract
Flow is a cognitive state that manifests when there is complete attentional absorption while performing a task. Flow occurs when certain internal a...
Ketamine and sleep modulate neural complexity dynamics in cats.
The European journal of neuroscience – March 01, 2022
Summary
Neural informational complexity, measured by the Lempel Ziv algorithm, reveals intriguing insights into consciousness. In a study involving five cats, complexity was lowest during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep but similar in wakefulness and REM sleep. Interestingly, varying doses of ketamine (5, 10, and 15 mg/kg) produced an inverted U-shaped response in prefrontal cortex activity. This highlights how ketamine influences neural dynamics differently than sleep stages, emphasizing the nuanced effects of psychedelics on consciousness across species.
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the level of consciousness can be captured by neural informational complexity: for instance, complexity, as measu...
Direct comparison of the acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects
Neuropsychopharmacology – February 25, 2022
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, powerful hallucinogens, induce remarkably similar psychological experiences at comparable doses. A placebo-controlled crossover study with 28 healthy subjects found that 100-200 µg LSD and 30 mg psilocybin produced comparable subjective effects, influencing behavior via neurotransmitter receptors. While both psychedelics showed similar pharmacology, LSD's effects lasted significantly longer. Psilocybin increased blood pressure more, LSD increased heart rate more; both had comparable cardiostimulant properties. These drug studies advance understanding of chemical synthesis and alkaloids in psychology.
Abstract
Abstract Growing interest has been seen in using lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin in psychiatric research and therapy. However, no m...
Distinct acute effects of LSD, MDMA, and d-amphetamine in healthy subjects
Neuropsychopharmacology – November 16, 2019
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) induces profoundly distinct psychological effects compared to MDMA (Ecstasy) or Dextroamphetamine. In a Pharmacology study involving 28 healthy subjects, LSD, a classic Hallucinogen, led to significantly higher ratings of altered consciousness and mystical experiences than active drugs or Placebo. While all three substances—including the Stimulant Amphetamine—showed similar autonomic responses, MDMA uniquely increased oxytocin, reflecting Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. This highlights critical differences in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, informed by Biochemical Analysis, for understanding their therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Abstract Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a classic psychedelic, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an empathogen, and d -amphetamine i...
[Anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder : current situation and future prospects].
Revue medicale suisse – February 12, 2025
Summary
Eating is not just about nutrition; it profoundly influences emotions and relationships. In individuals with eating disorders, this essential act transforms into a source of psychological distress, affecting both personal well-being and social interactions. Recent advancements in diagnostic methods have enhanced understanding of these disorders. Innovative therapies, including neuromodulation, virtual reality, and psychedelics, show promise for more personalized treatment approaches. With these techniques, the potential for improving outcomes in affected individuals is becoming increasingly tangible, offering hope for recovery and improved quality of life.
Abstract
Eating is essential to the survival of any living organism. However, beyond simple nutrition, eating is a source of pleasure that awakens a host of...
Emerging medications and pharmacological treatment approaches for substance use disorders.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – March 01, 2025
Summary
Innovative treatment options for substance use disorders (SUDs) are on the horizon, driven by urgent responses to the opioid crisis. Current medications are often inadequate, with many stimulants and cannabis lacking effective treatments. Recent insights into neurobiological systems have sparked interest in novel therapies, including psychedelics targeting serotonin 2A receptors and medications affecting glucagon-like peptide 1 and oxytocin receptors. Ongoing clinical trials are exploring these new avenues, suggesting a promising shift towards more effective SUD treatments for individuals and society alike.
Abstract
Medications to treat substance use disorders (SUDs) remain suboptimal or, in the case of stimulants and cannabis, non-existent. Many factors have c...
Placebo Effects: Neurological Mechanisms Inducing Physiological, Organic, and Belief Responses-A Prospective Analysis.
Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) – November 20, 2024
Summary
The placebo effect can trigger genuine physiological changes, impacting belief systems and therapeutic applications. In a review of various studies, it was shown that up to 30% of patients in placebo trials experience significant symptom relief. Insights into brain areas like the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and cerebellum reveal how perceptions shape these effects. Understanding this phenomenon could enhance treatments for addictions and improve the efficacy of therapies like psychedelic substances and transcranial magnetic stimulation, ultimately challenging traditional randomized control trials.
Abstract
The placebo effect can induce physiological or clinical neurological and organic responses despite the recipient receiving no active ingredients; t...
[Epigenetic changes in alcohol addiction and therapeutic perspectives].
Annales pharmaceutiques francaises – January 01, 2025
Summary
Adolescents with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) may benefit from innovative treatments targeting epigenetics. Evidence shows that epidrugs, which modify DNA and histone structures, could offer a promising alternative to traditional therapies. In animal studies, significant changes were observed across various ages, suggesting that the effects of alcohol on the epigenome are profound. With 20% of adults struggling with AUD, integrating psychedelics into treatment could enhance recovery by addressing underlying genetic factors, potentially revolutionizing how alcohol dependence is managed.
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is a major public health issue. Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) can benefit from five treatments that preferentially t...
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Whole brain modelling for simulating pharmacological interventions on patients with disorders of consciousness.
Communications biology – September 19, 2024
Summary
Psychedelic drugs may offer hope for treating disorders of consciousness (DoC), a complex group of neurological conditions affecting awareness. By integrating whole-brain models with deep learning, significant shifts towards healthier brain states were observed when enhancing serotonergic and opioid receptor activity. Specifically, these interventions correlated with the mean density of activated receptors across the brain. This innovative approach, involving a comprehensive sample of DoC patients, paves the way for developing new treatments not only for DoC but also for other brain diseases.
Abstract
Disorders of consciousness (DoC) represent a challenging and complex group of neurological conditions characterised by profound disturbances in con...
Opioid use disorder: current trends and potential treatments
Frontiers in Public Health – January 25, 2024
Summary
Opioid overdose deaths are at an all-time high, revealing current medicine's limitations against Opioid Use Disorder (OUD). Despite increased buprenorphine and naloxone access, and harm reduction strategies, this public health crisis persists. Novel approaches are urgently needed beyond existing Opiate Substitution Treatment. Future strategies, including psychedelics and other interventional therapies, are being explored. These aim to not only prevent opioid overdose fatalities but also attenuate OUD and address co-occurring psychiatric conditions, offering more durable solutions for public health.
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major public health threat, contributing to morbidity and mortality from addiction, overdose, and related medical co...
The role of neurotrophic factors in novel, rapid psychiatric treatments.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – January 01, 2024
Summary
Neurotrophic factors play a crucial role in brain health, influencing cellular growth and survival. Traditional psychiatric medications elevate neurotrophic levels over weeks, aligning with their therapeutic effects. In contrast, newer treatments like ketamine and psychedelics demonstrate rapid benefits within minutes to hours, triggering immediate neurotrophin release. This shift highlights the importance of understanding how neurotrophins interact with receptor tyrosine kinases and other signaling systems, potentially transforming approaches to treating neuropsychiatric disorders and enhancing therapeutic outcomes for patients.
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors are a family of growth factors that modulate cellular growth, survival, and differentiation. For many decades, it has been gen...
Overview of Alcohol Use Disorder.
The American journal of psychiatry – August 01, 2023
Summary
Nearly half of U.S. residents aged 12 and older consume alcohol, contributing to over 140,000 deaths annually. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) affects 11% of the population but is often undertreated, with fewer than 15% receiving help. Genetic and environmental factors equally influence AUD risk. Effective treatments exist, including cognitive-behavioral therapy and approved medications like naltrexone and acamprosate, yet underprescription persists. Novel therapies, including psychedelics, show promise but require further evaluation. Increasing awareness and treatment access could reduce stigma and improve outcomes for those affected by AUD.
Abstract
Alcohol is regularly consumed throughout most of the world, including by nearly half the U.S. population age 12 or older. Heavy drinking, which is ...
Breakthrough for Trauma Treatment: Safety and Efficacy of MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy Compared to Paroxetine and Sertraline.
Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing) – July 01, 2023
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy shows a substantial improvement in treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to traditional medications like paroxetine and sertraline. In Phase 2 studies, MDMA demonstrated a large effect size, while conventional treatments only yielded small to moderate effects. Notably, dropout rates were lower in MDMA trials, highlighting better participant retention. This innovative therapy involves up to three monthly eight-hour sessions under direct supervision, minimizing risks of overdose or withdrawal. The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies has advanced this promising approach towards FDA approval.
Abstract
Unsuccessfully treated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious and life-threatening disorder. Two medications, paroxetine hydrochloride a...
Recommendations for selection and adaptation of rating scales for clinical studies of rapid-acting antidepressants.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2023
Summary
Rapid-acting antidepressants (RAADs) like ketamine can produce significant responses within hours, revolutionizing treatment for individuals with difficult-to-treat depression. Recent interest in psychedelics has also surged, targeting various receptor sites to enhance therapeutic effects. However, traditional rating scales, such as the Hamilton and Montgomery-Åsberg scales, remain outdated, often requiring modifications to evaluate symptoms accurately within shorter time frames. This review highlights adaptive approaches for these instruments and suggests new domains for assessment, addressing challenges in implementing updated measurement strategies to improve patient outcomes.
Abstract
The novel mechanisms of action (MOA) derived from some recently introduced molecular targets have led to regulatory approvals for rapid acting anti...
How should we design future mechanistic and/or efficacy clinical trials?
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – January 01, 2024
Summary
Improvements in neuropsychiatric clinical trials could enhance therapeutic signal detection, addressing issues like high placebo response rates and imprecise assessments. With a focus on new molecular targets and innovative treatments like psychedelics, the review highlights the need for better methodologies. For instance, adopting sequential parallel comparison designs and confirming subject enrollment appropriateness can refine trial efficiency. By implementing these strategies, researchers aim to boost the performance of trials, ultimately leading to more effective treatments for neuropsychiatric conditions.
Abstract
The emergence of new molecular targets, together with the development of new approaches to neuropsychiatric diseases, involving psychedelics as wel...
Pharmacological Treatment of Generalised Anxiety Disorder: Current Practice and Future Directions.
Expert review of neurotherapeutics – June 01, 2023
Summary
Over 30% of individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) do not respond to first-line pharmacological treatments. Effective options include duloxetine, escitalopram, and venlafaxine, yet challenges remain in managing treatment-resistant cases. Current guidelines emphasize tailored approaches for older adults and children. While numerous novel anxiolytics are under clinical investigation, including psychedelics and ketamine, successful translation from animal models has been limited. Continued exploration of these emerging compounds could offer hope for those struggling with GAD and inadequate responses to established therapies.
Abstract
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a common psychiatric condition, characterized by the presence of general apprehensiveness and excessive worry...
Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A State-of-the-art Review.
Current neuropharmacology – January 01, 2024
Summary
Psychedelic treatments, including ketamine, show promise in addressing the complex challenges of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Chronic PTSD affects approximately 7-8% of the population, with high rates of comorbidity and emotional dysregulation. Traditional therapies often fall short due to systemic barriers and individual factors. Innovative approaches like early interventions and neuromodulation aim to enhance treatment effectiveness. With evolving guidelines, there's potential for integrating these novel interventions into mainstream care, offering hope for improved outcomes for those grappling with moral injury and trauma-related distress.
Abstract
This narrative state-of-the-art review paper describes the progress in the understanding and treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Ove...
From recent advances in underlying neurocircuitry of fear and anxiety to promising pharmacotherapies for PTSD: The saga of heart, sex and the developing brain.
Neuropharmacology – July 01, 2023
Summary
Anxiety disorders and PTSD remain inadequately treated, with no new anxiolytic drugs approved since the 1980s. Current discussions highlight the potential of low-dose serotonergic psychedelics alongside psychotherapy and glucocorticoids targeting trauma's immediate aftermath. Notably, female animal models are underrepresented in studies, despite women experiencing higher anxiety disorder rates. Understanding the neurobiology of fear processing, particularly how interoceptive signals relate to emotion regulation, could pave the way for tailored treatments, fostering a new era of precision medicine for these conditions.
Abstract
Available pharmacotherapies for anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress-disorder (PTSD) have limited efficacy, but no new anxiolytic drug has b...
Clinical Trial Design Challenges and Opportunities for Emerging Treatments for Opioid Use Disorder: A Review.
JAMA psychiatry – January 01, 2023
Summary
Emerging treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD) are essential, as traditional methods often face barriers. A meeting in November 2019 gathered insights from 55 experts on innovative therapies like cannabinoids and psychedelics. Key recommendations include targeting specific treatment stages, defining the role of new therapies alongside existing ones, and prioritizing outcomes that reflect patient preferences, such as quality of life and retention rates. Emphasizing patient input in trial design could significantly enhance the effectiveness and safety of these novel interventions for OUD.
Abstract
Novel treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD) are needed to address both the ongoing opioid epidemic and long-standing barriers to existing OUD tr...
Optimal dosing for psilocybin pharmacotherapy: Considering weight-adjusted and fixed dosing approaches
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 20, 2021
Summary
Fixed-dose psilocybin, a promising pharmacotherapy for mood disorders, yields subjective psychological effects comparable to weight-adjusted dosing. In 10 drug studies with 288 participants (49-113 kg), 20-30 mg/70 kg psilocybin, a naturally occurring alkaloid, showed no body weight influence. This finding in pharmacology and medicine suggests fixed dosing simplifies administration, making this psychedelic treatment more accessible. The consistent psychological response implies stable neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, supporting fixed-dose practicality and lower cost.
Abstract
Background: Growing evidence suggests psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic, is a safe and promising pharmacotherapy for treatment of mood ...
How does ayahuasca work from a psychiatric perspective? Pros and cons of the entheogenic therapy.
Human psychopharmacology – May 01, 2020
Summary
Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic brew, shows promise in treating mental health issues. In studies involving over 1,000 participants, it has demonstrated significant antidepressant and anxiolytic effects, with many reporting lasting benefits. While generally safe and well-tolerated, with nausea being the most common side effect, caution is advised for individuals with bipolar or psychotic disorders due to potential risks. The growing interest in psychedelic therapy highlights the need for rigorous trials to explore ayahuasca's therapeutic potential further in psychiatric settings.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic plant preparation, traditionally consumed in sacred ceremonies by indigenous North-Westerner Amazonian countries like...
Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
ACS Chemical Neuroscience – February 20, 2018
Summary
Despite its profound effects, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a potent hallucinogen, was once hailed by psychiatry. Early drug studies showed doses as low as 20 μg were physiologically safe and nonaddictive. Its structural resemblance to serotonin sparked neurochemistry and pharmacology research, influencing our understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. Though clinical psychology and medicine halted research around 1970, new psychopharmacology interest in psychedelics like psilocybin for anxiety and addiction is emerging. Neuroscience is now exploring its potential, building on its chemical synthesis history in drug studies.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is one of the most potent psychoactive agents known, producing dramatic alterations of consciousness after submill...
Dr. Leary's Concord Prison Experiment: A 34-Year Follow-up Study
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – December 01, 1998
Summary
A compelling re-evaluation reveals that psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in a 1960s prison experiment did not reduce recidivism. This long-term follow-up to the original psychology and psychiatry study, involving 32 prisoners, re-examined criminal justice records for 21 participants. While early reports suggested positive effects from psilocybin, this historical context analysis found no lasting impact. For psychedelics to aid criminal justice, clinical psychology emphasizes comprehensive post-release support. A psychotherapist's work with psilocybin, without sustained aftercare, proved insufficient.
Abstract
This study is a long-term follow-up to the Concord Prison Experiment, one of the best-known studies in the psychedelic psychotherapy literature. Th...
On Revelations and Revolutions: Drinking Ayahuasca Among Palestinians Under Israeli Occupation
Frontiers in Psychology – August 27, 2021
Summary
Ayahuasca rituals, while fostering a feeling of harmony, can paradoxically perpetuate political injustice. Through 31 interviews and observations, it was seen how these psychedelic experiences often depoliticized ongoing marginalization. Yet, specific revelatory events, like the three described, confronted participants with the truth of oppressive relations. This sparked deep emotions, resistance, and a drive to deliver emancipatory messages, politicizing the practice. This sociology highlights the profound social psychology of Ayahuasca and its potential for revolutionary change, moving beyond mere aesthetic unity towards addressing real-world politics.
Abstract
The ritualistic use of ayahuasca can induce a feeling of unity and harmony among group members. However, such depoliticized feelings can come in th...
Flashback: psychiatric experimentation with LSD in historical perspective.
Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie – June 01, 2005
Summary
Before its counterculture fame, LSD was seriously investigated for psychiatric therapy. Early trials in Saskatchewan, using patient records and researcher papers, explored its potential to mimic psychosis and understand schizophrenia's biochemical roots. These experiments were a surprisingly fruitful and encouraging branch of psychiatric research, suggesting genuine therapeutic promise. However, evolving scientific standards and the drug's cultural associations ultimately halted this promising avenue.
Abstract
In the popular mind, d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) research in psychiatry has long been associated with the CIA-funded experiments conducted b...
Direct Phosphorylation of Psilocin Enables Optimized cGMP Kilogram-Scale Manufacture of Psilocybin
ACS Omega – July 01, 2020
Summary
A breakthrough in chemical synthesis now enables the production of over one kilogram of high-purity psilocybin, a key psychedelic alkaloid. This optimized chemistry streamlines the process, notably through direct phosphorylation of psilocin, overcoming previous hurdles encountered at the 100-gram scale. Such advancements in drug studies facilitate consistent supply for research and ensure purity critical for forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
A second-generation kilogram-scale synthesis of the psychedelic tryptamine psilocybin has been developed. The synthesis was designed to address sev...
Synthesis and characterization of high‐purity N,N‐dimethyltryptamine hemifumarate for human clinical trials
Drug Testing and Analysis – July 01, 2020
Summary
A highly pure form of the psychedelic DMT is now ready for clinical trials, crucial for advancing drug studies. Through novel chemical synthesis, using aluminum hydride from lithium aluminum hydride, a DMT hemifumarate salt was produced. Extensive chemistry analysis—mass spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, and chromatography—confirmed minimal 99.9% purity. This rigorous standard, essential across all drug studies from cannabis to other alkaloids, ensures safety. No significant impurities or residual lithium were detected, meeting regulatory requirements.
Abstract
Abstract Since 2006, there has been a resurgent interest in the pharmacology and therapeutics of psychedelic drugs. Psilocybin, the 4‐phosphoryl es...
NBOMes–Highly Potent and Toxic Alternatives of LSD
Frontiers in Neuroscience – February 26, 2020
Summary
A dangerous new class of synthetic hallucinogens, NBOMe compounds, are ultrapotent, activating serotonin receptors with over 1000-fold selectivity for 5-HT2A. Unlike traditional psychedelics like Mescaline or MDMA, these substances, sometimes linked to Cathinone or Synthetic cannabinoids in illicit drug studies, cause severe intoxications and fatalities. Adverse effects include mydriasis, seizures, and multi-organ failure. Their pharmacology highlights a critical neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, posing significant challenges for forensic toxicology and drug analysis, making detection difficult in medicine. Anesthesia may be needed for severe cases.
Abstract
Recently, a new class of psychedelic compounds named NBOMe (or 25X-NBOMe) has appeared on the illegal drug market. NBOMes are analogs of the 2C fam...
Interaction of psychoactive tryptamines with biogenic amine transporters and serotonin receptor subtypes.
Psychopharmacology – October 01, 2014
Summary
While often linked to one key brain receptor, the varied effects of certain hallucinogenic compounds stem from more complex interactions. Researchers investigated how 21 synthetic tryptamines interact with both serotonin receptors and transporters using advanced cell models. All compounds activated the primary serotonin 2A receptor. Importantly, eight compounds actively released serotonin, and others inhibited its reuptake, revealing diverse actions. Notably, two specific compounds were found to selectively release serotonin, challenging prior assumptions. This work confirms the central role of the 5-HT₂A receptor, but also emphasizes that serotonin transporter activity is a crucial, often overlooked, contributor to the unique pharmacology of these substances.
Abstract
Synthetic hallucinogenic tryptamines, especially those originally described by Alexander Shulgin, continue to be abused in the USA. The range of su...
Psilocybin therapy increases cognitive and neural flexibility in patients with major depressive disorder.
Translational psychiatry – November 08, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin therapy can significantly boost mental agility. A recent study with 24 individuals facing major depression investigated if psilocybin improves cognitive and neural flexibility. It discovered that therapy enhanced cognitive flexibility for over a month. Brain imaging showed increased dynamic neural connections, indicating a more adaptable brain state. These positive shifts suggest psilocybin helps the brain become more flexible, opening new avenues for mental well-being.
Abstract
Psilocybin has shown promise for the treatment of mood disorders, which are often accompanied by cognitive dysfunction including cognitive rigidity...
Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin.
Scientific reports – February 10, 2020
Summary
A single psilocybin dose can elevate positive mood for a full month. A pilot study with 12 healthy volunteers investigated whether psilocybin administration leads to lasting emotional and brain changes. One week after, participants reported reduced negative affect and increased positive affect, alongside altered brain responses to emotional stimuli. Crucially, one month later, positive affect remained elevated, and trait anxiety decreased. Brain plasticity also increased, with more functional connections across the brain. These findings suggest psilocybin may enhance emotional and brain plasticity, highlighting negative affect as a promising therapeutic target.
Abstract
Psilocybin is a classic psychedelic compound that may have efficacy for the treatment of mood and substance use disorders. Acute psilocybin effects...
Intensity of Mystical Experiences Occasioned by 5-MeO-DMT and Comparison With a Prior Psilocybin Study
Frontiers in Psychology – December 06, 2018
Summary
A powerful hallucinogen, 5-MeO-DMT, reliably occasions profound mystical experiences, with 75% of 20 participants reporting a "complete mystical experience." This potent alkaloid, relevant to chemical synthesis in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, produced mystical intensity comparable to high-dose psilocybin. Its effects were significantly stronger than moderate psilocybin doses (d=0.81). This finding, crucial for Psychology, suggests its potential for clinical psychology and psychiatry due to its short duration, offering new therapeutic avenues.
Abstract
5-MeO-DMT is a psychoactive substance found in high concentrations in the bufotoxin of the Colorado River Toad (Bufo alvarius). Emerging evidence s...