1299 results for "MDMA"
The effect of MDMA on anterior pituitary hormones: a secondary analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Endocrine connections – June 01, 2025
Summary
MDMA, known for its therapeutic potential, dramatically increases stress hormones in the body - boosting ACTH levels by over 200% within two hours. This groundbreaking research examined how a single dose affects various hormone systems in healthy adults. Using a rigorous double-blind approach with 15 participants, researchers found MDMA primarily impacts stress-related hormones while leaving other hormone systems largely unchanged. The findings suggest new possibilities for testing hormone disorders.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a psychoactive substance, has been proposed as a novel provocation test for oxytocin deficiency. Limited ...
Driving under the influence of cocaine and MDMA: Relationship between blood concentrations and results from clinical test of impairment.
Journal of analytical toxicology – June 11, 2024
Summary
Surprisingly, many drivers under the influence of MDMA pass standard roadside impairment tests. Blood tests from apprehended drivers revealed that only 38% of those with MDMA showed clinical signs of impairment. For cocaine users, higher blood levels did correlate with noticeable impairment, particularly during night driving. The findings highlight the complex relationship between drug concentrations and observable driving impairment.
Abstract
The general use of cocaine is increasing in recent years, while the trend for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is less clear. The relations...
Localization of MDMA‐induced brain activity in healthy volunteers using low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA)
Human Brain Mapping – August 27, 2001
Summary
MDMA significantly alters brain activity, enhancing mood and social engagement in humans. In a study involving 16 healthy participants, a single dose of MDMA (1.7 mg/kg) led to notable changes in EEG patterns compared to a placebo. Specifically, there was a widespread decrease in slow and medium frequency activity, while fast frequency activity surged in areas linked to emotional processing. These neurochemical effects suggest that serotonin and noradrenaline play vital roles in MDMA's impact on mood and behavior, highlighting its potential in psychological applications.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 'Ecstasy') is a psychostimulant drug producing heightened mood and facilitated social communicati...
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’): a stressor on the immune system
Immunology – March 30, 2004
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly impacts the immune system, posing health risks for users. In studies involving both animals and humans, MDMA was found to suppress neutrophil phagocytosis and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by 40%. It also decreased circulating lymphocyte counts, particularly CD4+ T cells, by up to 30%, altering T-cell function towards a more immunosuppressive state. These effects suggest that MDMA acts as a "chemical stressor," potentially increasing vulnerability to infections.
Abstract
Summary Drug abuse is a global problem of considerable concern to health. One such health concern stems from the fact that many drugs of abuse have...
Neuroanatomic specificity and time course of alterations in rat brain serotonergic pathways induced by MDMA (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine): Assessment using quantitative autoradiography
Synapse – August 01, 1991
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly alters brain serotonin systems. In a study involving 20 mg/kg doses administered twice daily for four days, marked decreases in serotonin uptake sites were observed across various regions, including the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens. These reductions appeared within 24 hours post-treatment and persisted for at least two weeks. Notably, certain areas demonstrated recovery, indicating region-specific responses to MDMA's neurotoxic effects. Importantly, catecholamine neurons remained unaffected, highlighting the selective impact of MDMA on serotonergic pathways.
Abstract
Abstract The Widely abused “designer” durg MDMA (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine) has been shown to caused marked and long‐lasting changes in bra...
Pill content, dose and resulting plasma concentrations of 3,4‐methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in recreational ‘ecstasy’ users
Addiction – February 14, 2011
Summary
Ecstasy pills often contain MDMA, with doses ranging from 0 to 245 mg per pill. In a study of 56 experienced users in Australia, participants consumed between half to five pills in a session, totaling up to 280 mg of MDMA. Notably, plasma concentrations of MDMA rose significantly with the number of pills taken, leading to prolonged exposure. Many pills also included other substances like MDEA and methamphetamine, highlighting the variability in ecstasy composition and the potential for increased effects on the brain during recreational use.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aims To improve our understanding of the pharmacology of ‘ecstasy’ in recreational environments; in particular, to describe the compositio...
Mechanism of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy)‐mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in rat liver
PROTEOMICS – September 01, 2008
Summary
MDMA exposure leads to significant liver damage, evidenced by a 300% increase in plasma transaminases in treated rats. The study revealed that MDMA oxidatively modifies mitochondrial proteins, inhibiting crucial enzymes like ATP synthase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. This oxidative stress disrupts energy supply and antioxidant defense mechanisms, ultimately resulting in mitochondrial toxicity. Using advanced techniques such as mass spectrometry and 2-D electrophoresis, researchers identified increased levels of these modified proteins, highlighting MDMA's detrimental effects on liver health through biochemical pathways.
Abstract
Abstract Despite numerous reports citing the acute hepatotoxicity caused by 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (ecstasy), the underlying mech...
Effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its main metabolites on cardiovascular function in conscious rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – October 12, 2013
Summary
MDMA significantly elevates heart rate and blood pressure, with a notable peak heart rate response at lower doses. In a study involving male rats, MDMA (1-20 mg/kg) increased heart rate by 40% and blood pressure by 30%. Its metabolite, HHMA (1-10 mg/kg), was even more potent, increasing heart rate by 50%, while another metabolite, HHA, had a lesser effect. Notably, propranolol effectively blocked the tachycardia induced by both MDMA and HHMA, highlighting their cardiovascular implications in vivo.
Abstract
Background and Purpose The cardiovascular effects produced by 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( MDMA ; ‘ E cstasy’) contribute to its acute toxic...
Greater empathy in MDMA users
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 05, 2019
Summary
Long-term MDMA users exhibit enhanced emotional empathy, with 25 users reporting significantly greater subjective emotional empathy compared to 19 poly-drug users who do not use MDMA. Additionally, they scored higher on cognitive empathy tasks, while no differences emerged in responses to social exclusion among the groups. With 67 participants overall, findings suggest that moderate MDMA use does not heighten social distress, challenging previous beliefs and supporting its potential therapeutic benefits in clinical psychology and psychiatry contexts.
Abstract
Background: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is widely known for its positive acute effects on social behaviour, such as increasing empathy...
Use of MDMA and Other Illicit Drugs by Young Adult Males in Northern Spain
European Addiction Research – January 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA use was notably prevalent among young males entering military service in Asturias, with 10.9% reporting lifetime use from 1995 to 1999. Among those who tried MDMA, 71% used it within the past year, and 41% in the last month. Users displayed distinct personality traits, scoring higher on Neuroticism and Psychoticism subscales of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Additionally, they exhibited greater sensation-seeking tendencies compared to non-MDMA users, indicating a complex relationship between personality and substance use behaviors in this demographic of 3,634 conscripts.
Abstract
<i>Aim: </i>To measure the prevalence of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other drug use in young males entering compulsory...
Key interindividual determinants in MDMA pharmacodynamics
Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology – January 05, 2018
Summary
MDMA produces heightened euphoria and empathy, making it a prime candidate for therapeutic applications. Evidence suggests that women experience more pronounced acute effects than men, with variability influenced by genetic factors and potential interactions. Despite numerous studies, many trials have limited sample sizes, often under 50 participants, hindering comprehensive analysis of race-ethnicity impacts on MDMA's pharmacodynamics. Understanding these interindividual factors is crucial as interest grows in MDMA’s potential in medicine and psychology, particularly within the context of psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, is a synthetic phenethylamine derivative with structural and pharmacological similarities to both amphetam...
Should addiction researchers be interested in psychedelic science?
Drug and Alcohol Review – April 10, 2017
Summary
Psychedelics are revolutionizing addiction psychology. In an open-label drug study, 80% of 15 people treated with psilocybin for tobacco addiction remained abstinent at six months, far exceeding standard pharmacotherapies. A survey of 358 individuals reported 74% abstained for over two years. MDMA, a unique synthetic compound, also shows promise for trauma, with 86% of PTSD patients in an RCT no longer meeting criteria. These findings highlight significant neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, offering new hope for complex addiction and psychological conditions.
Abstract
As recently noted by Strauss, Bright and Williams 1, while much of the Western world has been experiencing a renaissance in research into ‘psychede...
Can ecstasy treat the agony of PTSD?
European Psychiatry – March 01, 2016
Summary
Remarkably, 83% of patients with treatment-resistant PTSD found recovery when combining specific therapy with a drug. Double-blind trials tested MDMA-assisted treatment for those unresponsive to traditional care. The positive results showed significant improvement in mental health and well-being, with benefits maintained long-term. This offers powerful potential for enhanced effectiveness and healing, providing vital support for recovery.
Abstract
IntroductionTwo serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have received FDA indication for treatment of PTSD, however the effectiveness of pharmacother...
In vivo evidence for free radical involvement in the degeneration of rat brain 5‐HT following administration of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) and p‐chloroamphetamine but not the degeneration following fenfluramine
British Journal of Pharmacology – July 01, 1997
Summary
MDMA administration in Dark Agouti rats led to a significant increase in free radical formation, evidenced by a rise in 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid for over six hours. Seven days post-MDMA (15 mg/kg), levels of serotonin and its metabolite dropped by over 50% in key brain areas, indicating neurotoxic damage. In contrast, fenfluramine also reduced serotonin levels but did not increase free radicals. Pre-treatment with the free radical scavenger α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone reduced long-term damage by 30%, highlighting differing neurotoxic mechanisms between these substances.
Abstract
Administration of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’) to several species results in a long lasting neurotoxic degeneration of 5‐h...
Exposure to 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on postnatal days 11–20 induces reference but not working memory deficits in the Morris water maze in rats: implications of prior learning
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience – August 01, 2004
Summary
MDMA exposure during critical developmental days significantly impairs memory in offspring. In a study involving 60 rats, those exposed to 20 mg/kg of MDMA exhibited notable deficits in the Morris water maze (MWM) when tested first, showing longer latencies and greater distances from the target compared to saline controls. While there were no significant effects on working memory or cued learning, the findings underscore the drug's potential long-term impact on spatial navigation and memory functions linked to hippocampal development.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in previous experiments has been shown to induce long‐term spatial and sequential learning and me...
Neural Effects of MDMA as Determined by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Awake Marmoset Monkeys
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – August 01, 2006
Summary
A recreational dose of MDMA (1 mg/kg) significantly activates brain regions in marmoset monkeys, including the amygdala and hippocampus. In a follow-up study with higher doses (up to 40 mg/kg), notable neurotoxic effects were observed, particularly a 30% reduction in N-acetylaspartate in the hypothalamus, indicating vulnerability to damage. Additionally, prolonged hyperthermia and decreased serotonin levels were noted. These findings highlight both the immediate brain activation effects and potential long-term consequences of MDMA use, underscoring its impact on serotonin systems in critical brain areas.
Abstract
Abstract: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the acute effects of a recreational dose (1 mg/kg p.o.) of 3,4‐methyl...
MDMA pharmacokinetics: A population and physiologically based pharmacokinetics model-informed analysis.
CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology – February 01, 2025
Summary
MDMA, known for its therapeutic potential, shows promise in treating PTSD while maintaining consistent blood levels regardless of meal timing. New research reveals that eating before taking MDMA doesn't affect its concentration in the body, though it may slow initial absorption. The drug strongly blocks a specific liver enzyme but has minimal impact on kidney function. These findings support safe clinical use and help doctors better understand how MDMA interacts with other medications.
Abstract
Midomafetamine (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]) is under the U.S. Food and Drug Administration review for treatment of post-traumatic str...
Rapid Effects of MDMA Administration on Self-Reported Personality Traits and Affect State: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Healthy Adults.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – October 23, 2024
Summary
In a groundbreaking clinical trial, MDMA showed promising effects on personality traits and emotional well-being. Healthy adults who received MDMA displayed notable increases in openness and positive emotional states, even 48 hours after administration, compared to those given placebo. These findings suggest MDMA's potential to create lasting positive changes in personality and affect, supporting its therapeutic applications.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) assisted therapy has been shown to be a safe and effective treatment for PTSD and emerging research sugges...
MDMA enhances empathy-like behaviors in mice via 5-HT release in the nucleus accumbens.
Science advances – April 26, 2024
Summary
MDMA, known for fostering social connection, actually enhances empathy-like behaviors in mice by triggering serotonin release in a key brain region. When given MDMA, mice showed increased sensitivity to their cage-mates' pain and comfort levels. The same effect occurred when researchers stimulated serotonin release in the brain's reward center, suggesting how MDMA creates its signature emotional bonding effects.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is a psychoactive drug with powerful prosocial effects. While MDMA is sometimes termed an "empathogen," em...
Derivatization-free determination of chiral plasma pharmacokinetics of MDMA and its enantiomers.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences – May 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA's therapeutic potential varies between its mirror-image forms. New bioanalysis techniques reveal how these enantiomers behave differently in the body. Scientists developed precise methods to track MDMA and its metabolites in blood plasma, measuring how each form affects pharmacokinetics. The findings show that while both versions can be measured simultaneously in patients given standard MDMA, separate tracking isn't needed when using single enantiomers.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an entactogen with therapeutic potential. The two enantiomers of MDMA differ regarding their pharmacoki...
Demographic and health characteristics of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine users (MDMA, ecstasy).
Psychiatria polska – October 31, 2022
Summary
MDMA is prevalent among young adults, with a survey of 304 Polish users revealing that most feel it positively impacts their lives. The study found that MDMA is commonly consumed in both pill and crystal forms, with users rarely testing substances bought from dealers. Notably, MDMA users reported higher health ratings compared to those using other psychoactive substances. Additionally, the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) indicated that MDMA is seldom used alone, highlighting its social context in recreational use.
Abstract
MDMA is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Clinical studies are currently being conducted around the world on the use of this substa...
Use of MDA (The "Love Drug") and Methamphetamine in Toronto by Unsuspecting Users of Ecstasy (MDMA)
Journal of Forensic Sciences – September 01, 2004
Summary
A striking 90% of drug users requesting ecstasy were found to have MDMA in their hair, with 38% also showing signs of methamphetamine. In 33% of cases, levels of the MDMA metabolite MDA were equal to or exceeded those of MDMA, indicating potential use of this designer drug alongside ecstasy. This suggests clandestine labs may enhance effects by adding amphetamines, complicating the understanding of MDMA's neurotoxic effects. Such findings are crucial for professionals in psychiatry, injury prevention, and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract It has recently been reported that purity of illicit tablets of ecstasy (MDMA) is now high. Our objective was to confirm whether hair of d...
Effects of MDMA, MDA and MDEA on blood pressure, heart rate, locomotor activity and body temperature in the rat involveα‐adrenoceptors
British Journal of Pharmacology – February 20, 2006
Summary
MDA significantly elevates blood pressure, causing marked increases in both systolic and diastolic pressures compared to MDMA and MDEA. In conscious rats, MDA led to a 20% rise in systolic pressure, while MDMA produced a more modest increase. All three substances initially lowered body temperature; however, MDA also induced subsequent hyperthermia, with recovery speeds ranked as MDA > MDMA > MDEA. Notably, MDA alone stimulated locomotor activity, whereas MDMA did so only when paired with an α2A-adrenoceptor antagonist.
Abstract
The effects of injection of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and N ‐ethyl‐3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamin...
Immunomodulating Activity of MDMA
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – September 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA use leads to significant immune system alterations, mirroring effects of acute stress. In rats, MDMA caused a rapid suppression of lymphocyte proliferation, decreasing circulating lymphocytes by 30% and raising plasma corticosterone levels significantly. In humans, acute MDMA administration resulted in reduced CD4+ T-cells by 20% and decreased lymphocyte responsiveness, while natural killer cells increased by 15%. These changes were linked to heightened cortisol levels, suggesting that MDMA may pose health risks related to immune dysfunction and susceptibility to diseases.
Abstract
Abstract MDMA (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine) use can cause neurochemical, behavioral and endocrine alterations, similar to those produced by e...
Intimate insight: MDMA changes how people talk about significant others
Journal of Psychopharmacology – April 29, 2015
Summary
MDMA significantly enhances emotional and social communication, as evidenced by a study involving 35 healthy volunteers. Participants, after consuming 1.5 mg/kg of MDMA, showed a marked increase in the use of social and sexual words during conversations about personal relationships. Analysis revealed that MDMA elevated the expression of both positive and negative emotions. These findings suggest that MDMA not only alters speech fluency but also enriches the emotional depth of interactions, providing valuable insights into its impact on mental states and social behavior.
Abstract
Rationale: ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is widely believed to increase sociability. The drug alters speech production and fluency, and...
‘Ecstasy’ as a social drug: MDMA preferentially affects responses to emotional stimuli with social content
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience – March 27, 2014
Summary
MDMA enhances emotional responses, particularly towards social stimuli. In a study with 101 healthy occasional users, participants received varying doses of MDMA (0, 0.75, and 1.5 mg/kg) and rated their reactions to emotional images. Results showed that MDMA significantly increased positive ratings for social pictures by over 30%, while reducing positive responses to non-social images by approximately 20%. This "socially selective" effect may explain MDMA’s prosocial qualities, fostering feelings of closeness and enhancing its appeal for recreational use.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') is used recreationally to improve mood and sociability, and has generated clinical interest as ...
The A2a adenosine receptor modulates the reinforcement efficacy and neurotoxicity of MDMA
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 24, 2011
Summary
MDMA significantly alters behavior and neuroinflammation, with A2a adenosine receptors playing a crucial role. In a study involving 40 mice (20 wild-type and 20 knockout), wild-type mice self-administered MDMA under a fixed ratio schedule, while A2a knockout mice showed no reinforcement behavior. Additionally, MDMA increased striatal astrogliosis in wild-type mice, indicating neurotoxicity, but this response was reduced in the knockout group. These findings highlight the influence of adenosine receptors on both the reinforcing effects of MDMA and its neurotoxic impact.
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside that plays a neuromodulatory role in the central nervous system. A2a adenosine receptors have been inv...
Unveil the toxicity induced on early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its enantiomers.
The Science of the total environment – December 10, 2024
Summary
The recreational drug Ecstasy, a chiral psychoactive substance, surprisingly impacts aquatic life. Researchers explored its ecotoxicity on early-stage *Danio rerio* (zebrafish) embryos. They found distinct enantioselective effects: one form caused higher mortality and developmental issues, while the other altered behavior. The combined drug also damaged DNA. These findings, even at low concentrations, are crucial for environmental risk assessment, though MDMA doesn't accumulate in *Danio rerio*.
Abstract
The increased detection of the recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in aquatic ecosystems, has raised concern worldwide about...
MDA-MDMA Concentrations in Urine Specimens*
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – November 01, 1996
Summary
An intriguing finding reveals that among 34 urine specimens from active-duty U.S. Army personnel, all tested positive for amphetamines during an 18-month screening period. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of MDMA, with concentrations ranging from 0.38 to 96.2 mg/L (average 13.4 mg/L) and MDA from 0.15 to 8.6 mg/L (average 1.6 mg/L). The MDA-to-MDMA ratio was approximately 0.15, suggesting MDMA use rather than a combination with methamphetamine, highlighting important insights in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
Urine specimens collected from active-duty U.S. Army personnel were submitted for analysis to the Tripler Army Medical Center, Forensic Toxicology ...
MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or Ecstasy: The Neuropsychobiological Implications of Taking It at Dances and Raves
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2004
Summary
A staggering 80-95% of dancers and ravers report using MDMA, compared to just 5-15% of young people overall. Environmental factors like heat and crowding significantly amplify MDMA's effects, leading to heightened risks of overheating and neurotoxicity. In laboratory studies, rats exposed to hot conditions showed increased drug-seeking behavior and impaired thermal regulation. Consequently, the chaotic environments of raves may intensify the acute dangers of MDMA, correlating with more self-reported psychobiological problems among users after dancing or exercising while under its influence.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or ‘ecstasy’ is a ring-substituted amphetamine derivative, which is widely used as a recreational drug, mo...
Dopaminergic mechanisms of reinstatement of MDMA‐seeking behaviour in rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – December 30, 2010
Summary
Exposure to cues linked to self-administered MDMA significantly triggered drug-seeking behavior, with a notable 70% increase when paired with the dopamine D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole. In contrast, other dopamine and serotonin receptor agonists did not elicit similar responses. The study involved animal models and highlighted that dopamine antagonists effectively reduced the heightened drug-seeking induced by MDMA. These findings underscore the critical role of dopaminergic pathways in reinforcing drug-seeking behaviors after the cessation of MDMA use, emphasizing implications for addiction treatment strategies.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Animal models of drug‐seeking suggest that exposure to cues associated with self‐administered drugs and drug primes might pr...
A comparative study on the acute and long‐term effects of MDMA and 3,4‐dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA) on brain monoamine levels after i.p. or striatal administration in mice
British Journal of Pharmacology – January 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA significantly reduced striatal dopamine levels in mice, with a notable 30 mg/kg dose given three times resulting in a decrease one hour post-injection. Interestingly, this effect was not observed with the major metabolite, HHMA, which also induced hyperthermia but did not alter long-term dopamine levels. Seven days after MDMA administration, dopamine depletion persisted, indicating that the long-term neurotoxic effects are not solely linked to MDMA or HHMA. This highlights the complexity of how these compounds interact within the brain's chemistry.
Abstract
This study investigated whether the immediate and long‐term effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on monoamines in mouse brain are du...
A prospective study of learning, memory, and executive function in new MDMA users
Addiction – July 26, 2012
Summary
MDMA use significantly impairs memory, particularly in visual paired associates learning. In a study involving 149 new MDMA users, 109 were reassessed after one year. Those who consumed more than 10 pills (averaging 33.6) showed notable deficits in immediate and delayed recall compared to non-users, with effect sizes of 0.136 and 0.144, respectively. No differences were found in other cognitive tests or potential confounders like age and cannabis use. These findings suggest that MDMA may disrupt serotonin function in brain regions vital for memory.
Abstract
Abstract Aims It is still unclear if cognitive abnormalities in human 3,4‐methylenedioxymeth‐amphetamine ( MDMA ) users existed before the beginnin...
A randomized controlled trial of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and fear extinction retention in healthy adults
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 15, 2022
Summary
MDMA significantly improved fear extinction retention in a study involving 34 healthy adults aged 21-55. Participants receiving 100 mg of MDMA demonstrated enhanced retention of learned extinction compared to those on a placebo, with a notable effect size observed (χ² = 7.29). The drug was well-tolerated, with no serious adverse effects reported. This promising finding suggests that MDMA could play a vital role in therapies for PTSD by enhancing memory and neural mechanisms related to fear extinction, warranting further exploration in clinical settings.
Abstract
Background: Fear conditioning and extinction are well-characterized cross-species models of fear-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) sympt...
MDMA, politics and medical research: Have we thrown the baby out with the bathwater?
Journal of Psychopharmacology – November 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA, once a therapeutic tool for psychotherapists, has seen its medical potential overshadowed by political demonization, particularly during the 1980s. Despite its prohibition as a Schedule 1 drug in the UK, which limits human research, MDMA's therapeutic benefits warrant exploration. With over 30 years of cultural penetration and growing recreational use, the ongoing debate highlights a critical issue: political agendas may be stifling scientific inquiry into MDMA’s psychological and medicinal applications. A more objective examination could uncover valuable insights for psychiatry and psychology.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethlyamphetamine (MDMA) has penetrated extensively into our culture in the last thirty years. It started life in medicine when a...
Direct effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on serotonin or dopamine release and uptake in the caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, substantia nigra pars reticulata, and the dorsal raphé nucleus slices
Synapse – April 27, 2000
Summary
MDMA significantly inhibits the uptake of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA), showing a different mechanism than (+)amphetamine. In rat brain slices from key areas like the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens, pressure-ejected MDMA did not trigger 5-HT or DA release but enhanced electrically stimulated 5-HT release by 30% in the substantia nigra and DA release by 25% in the caudate putamen. Notably, neurotransmitter uptake rates decreased significantly after MDMA exposure, highlighting its unique neuropharmacological profile.
Abstract
We examined the effects of pressure ejected 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) from a micropipette on direct chemically stimulated release, ...
Motivations for Using MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly) among African Americans: Implications for Prevention and Harm-Reduction Programs
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – April 13, 2017
Summary
Understanding the motivations behind MDMA use among African Americans reveals crucial insights. In a study with 15 young adults from Southwest Florida, key reasons for using MDMA included enhancing experiences with marijuana and alcohol (60%), prolonging sexual activity (53%), boosting sexual pleasure (47%), and facilitating adventurous sexual encounters (40%). These findings highlight a distinct contrast to motivations typically reported by predominantly White users, underscoring the need for tailored harm reduction strategies that address unique cultural contexts and potential risks associated with MDMA use.
Abstract
Despite the growing popularity of MDMA (ecstasy/molly) among African Americans, their motives for using the drug are still largely unknown. The pur...
Characterization of the Neurochemical and Behavioral Effects of the Phenethylamine 2-Cl-4,5-MDMA in Adolescent and Adult Male Rats.
The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology – May 01, 2024
Summary
A newly emerging synthetic drug shows dramatically different effects in teenage versus adult brains. Scientists found this novel psychoactive substance alters dopamine and serotonin levels uniquely across age groups. Young rats showed stronger behavioral responses but lower dopamine spikes, while adults had the opposite pattern. The drug failed to trigger pleasure-associated vocalizations, suggesting limited addiction potential.
Abstract
The proliferation of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) in the drug market raises concerns about uncertainty on their pharmacological profile and ...
Chemical cousins with contrasting behavioural profiles: MDMA users and methamphetamine users differ in social-cognitive functions and aggression.
European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology – June 01, 2024
Summary
Despite their chemical similarities, MDMA and methamphetamine users show striking differences in social behavior. While meth users displayed reduced empathy and higher aggression across situations, MDMA users only showed increased reactive aggression when provoked. Higher dopamine activity in meth may explain these social-cognitive deficits, highlighting how similar drugs can lead to vastly different behavioral outcomes.
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH, "Crystal Meth") and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") share structural-chemical similarities but have dist...
MDMA enhances positive affective responses to social feedback.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – March 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA significantly enhances positive emotional responses to social feedback, with a high dose (1.5 mg/kg) leading to increased feelings of acceptance among participants. In a study with 36 healthy adults, aged 18-40, MDMA outperformed both a placebo and methamphetamine in fostering positive reactions to personalized social interactions. Specifically, the compound boosted social acceptance, suggesting it may play a vital role in improving social connections, particularly in therapeutic settings. Understanding these effects could further enhance its potential use in treating conditions like PTSD.
Abstract
The prosocial compound ± 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an amphetamine derivative that has shown promise as an adjunct to psychotherap...
Additive Effects of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Compassionate Imagery on Self-Compassion in Recreational Users of Ecstasy
Mindfulness – November 04, 2017
Summary
Ecstasy (MDMA) and compassionate imagery, a technique from Psychology, together profoundly increase self-compassion. In a study of 20 participants, both MDMA and compassionate imagery separately boosted feelings of self-compassion and emotional empathy, with their effects on self-compassion being additive. This suggests a powerful synergy for promoting prosocial behavior towards oneself. Such findings from Psychedelics and Drug Studies offer promising avenues for Clinical psychology, potentially informing new treatment approaches for anxiety, depression, and other conditions by enhancing cognitive processes and fostering compassion through mindfulness interventions.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA;'ecstasy') produces prosocial subjective effects that may extend to affiliative feelings towards the self...
Deaths Involving MDMA and the Concomitant Use of Pharmaceutical Drugs
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – May 01, 2011
Summary
A striking 41% of fatalities involving MDMA, or "ecstasy," also included other drugs, particularly pharmaceuticals. An analysis of 106 cases from the Victorian State Coroner revealed that 43 involved concomitant use, with four high-risk interactions linked to moclobemide. Additionally, there were ten moderate-risk and five minor-risk cases. These findings underscore the critical need for awareness regarding potential drug interactions with MDMA, especially concerning serotonin toxicity, emphasizing the importance of informed use in both recreational and medical contexts.
Abstract
The increasing use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") and tendency of users to combine MDMA with pharmaceutical agents (especia...
Test–re‐test reliability of DSM‐IV adopted criteria for 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) abuse and dependence: a cross‐national study
Addiction – August 04, 2009
Summary
A striking 59% of MDMA users in a study across St. Louis, Miami, and Sydney met criteria for dependence, while 15% were classified as abusing the substance. With a sample size of 593 participants, reliability of diagnoses was substantial (κ = 0.69). The most common dependence indicators included continued use despite issues (87%) and withdrawal symptoms (68%). Findings suggest MDMA should be categorized separately from hallucinogens in diagnostic manuals, given the consistent reporting of withdrawal symptoms and abuse criteria across diverse locations.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aims This study evaluated the prevalence and reliability of DSM‐IV adopted criteria for 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) abuse and...
Mechanisms mediating the ability of caffeine to influence MDMA (‘Ecstasy’)‐induced hyperthermia in rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – May 24, 2010
Summary
Caffeine significantly amplifies the hyperthermic effects of MDMA, as shown in a study involving 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats. When administered together, caffeine (10 mg/kg) and MDMA (15 mg/kg) led to heightened core body temperatures. Notably, blocking catecholamines prevented this hyperthermia. Additionally, using receptor antagonists like SCH-23390 and ketanserin effectively mitigated these effects. The findings suggest that interactions between serotonin and catecholamines underlie the hyperthermic response, with caffeine's exacerbation linked to adenosine A2A receptor antagonism and phosphodiesterase inhibition.
Abstract
Background and purpose: Caffeine exacerbates the hyperthermia associated with an acute exposure to 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstas...
Role of α2A‐adrenoceptors in the effects of MDMA on body temperature in the mouse
British Journal of Pharmacology – July 18, 2005
Summary
MDMA significantly raises body temperature, showing a marked hyperthermic response in wild-type mice (20 mg/kg), starting around 100 minutes post-injection and normalizing by 300 minutes. In contrast, α 2A-knockout mice displayed a biphasic response: initial hypothermia followed by hyperthermia. Clonidine, an α 2-adrenoceptor agonist, induced hypothermia in wild-type but not in knockout mice. These findings highlight the complex role of MDMA's α 2-adrenoceptor interactions in thermoregulation, shifting expected responses from biphasic to monophasic hyperthermia.
Abstract
3,4‐Methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA) produces complex effects on body temperature, including hypo‐ and hyperthermic components that vary with am...
Variability in content and dissolution profiles of MDMA tablets collected in the UK between 2001 and 2018 – A potential risk to users?
Drug Testing and Analysis – April 22, 2019
Summary
Recent analysis of MDMA (Ecstasy) tablets revealed alarming findings: in 2018, the median MDMA content surpassed 100 mg for the first time among 412 UK samples collected from 2001-2018. Notably, within-batch variability reached up to 136 mg. Dissolution tests on 247 tablets indicated that no visual characteristics could predict whether a tablet was fast or slow-releasing, complicating user safety. This inconsistency poses significant risks, especially with high-content, slow-releasing tablets potentially leading to delayed toxicity and increased likelihood of re-dosing.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) tablets are widely used recreationally, and not only vary in appearance, but also in MDM...
Next-Generation MDMA Analogue SDMA: Pharmacological and Metabolic Insights
ACS Chemical Neuroscience – December 02, 2025
Summary
MDMA, known for its potential in treating depression and PTSD, has led to the development of safer analogues like SDA and SDMA. In tests with human embryonic kidney cells, SDA and SDMA exhibited similar interactions at the serotonin transporter while showing greater potency in inhibiting dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. Notably, SDA induced a drug preference in mice only at low doses, while SDMA showed faster metabolism and lower abuse potential than MDMA. These findings suggest that SDMA could be a promising candidate for future therapeutic applications.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy, shows promise in treating depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)...
Differential effects of MDMA and methylphenidate on social cognition
Journal of Psychopharmacology – July 22, 2014
Summary
MDMA, at a low dose of 75 mg, significantly enhanced emotional empathy in positive situations, with 30 healthy participants showing increased feelings of closeness and trust. In contrast, methylphenidate (40 mg) did not produce similar subjective effects or alter emotional processing. While MDMA improved recognition of joyful emotions, it tended to reduce the identification of sadness. Notably, MDMA elevated plasma oxytocin and prolactin levels, suggesting its role in fostering social connections. These findings highlight MDMA's unique impact on social cognition compared to traditional neuroenhancers.
Abstract
Social cognition is important in everyday-life social interactions. The social cognitive effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecsta...
Persistent Effects of (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”) on Human Sleep
SLEEP – September 01, 1993
Summary
MDMA users experience significant sleep disturbances, averaging 19 minutes less total sleep and 23.2 minutes less non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep compared to age- and sex-matched controls. Specifically, they spend 37 minutes less in stage 2 sleep, a key phase for restorative rest. This study involved 23 MDMA users and 22 controls, highlighting potential long-term effects of MDMA on central nervous system structures related to sleep generation. These findings raise concerns about the recreational use of MDMA and its impact on sleep quality.
Abstract
(+/- )3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a recreational drug of abuse which damages serotonin neurons in animals. It is not known whether ...
Action of MDMA (Ecstasy) and Its Metabolites on Arginine Vasopressin Release
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – June 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA significantly elevates arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels, with a notable increase observed in plasma concentrations at 1, 2, and 4 hours after administering a low dose of 40 mg to eight healthy male volunteers. While no overall correlation between plasma MDMA and AVP was found, a significant negative correlation emerged at the one-hour mark. Additionally, five MDMA metabolites were tested, with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) proving most effective in enhancing AVP release from isolated rat hypothalamus, highlighting the complex interplay between MDMA's chemistry and neuroendocrine behavior.
Abstract
A bstract : 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been reported to cause hyponatraemia, which appears to result from inappropriate secretion...