Drug Testing and Analysis
November 27, 2021
Simon D. Brandt, Pierce V. Kavanagh, Folker Westphal et al.
19 citations
A new LSD derivative called 1-valeroyl-LSD (1V-LSD, or "Valerie") has appeared on the online market. It is a higher homolog of earlier derivatives like ALD-52, 1P-LSD, and 1B-LSD. The study analytically characterized 1V-LSD using mass spectrometry, chromatography, NMR, and Raman spectroscopy. In mice, 1V-LSD induced a head-twitch response, a behavioral proxy for human hallucinogenic effects, in a dose-dependent manner. Its median effective dose was 373 nmol/kg, about a third the potency of LSD (ED50 = 132.8 nmol/kg). 1V-LSD likely acts as a prodrug that is hydrolyzed to LSD, but further studies on its biotransformation and receptor pharmacology are needed.
Drug Testing and Analysis
May 7, 2022
Simon D. Brandt, Pierce V. Kavanagh, Folker Westphal et al.
14 citations
The lysergamide 1P-AL-LAD is characterized and tested in vitro and in mice. In pooled human liver microsomes, 1P-AL-LAD converts to AL-LAD as the most abundant metabolite, supporting the idea that it acts as a prodrug. Fourteen metabolites are detected, including hydroxylation and deacylation products. In mice, 1P-AL-LAD produces a dose-dependent increase in head twitch response, a behavioral proxy for human hallucinogenic effects, with an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve. Its median effective dose is 491 nmol/kg, almost three times less potent than AL-LAD (174.9 nmol/kg). The prodrug mechanism likely explains its activity despite N1-substitution disrupting 5-HT2A receptor activation.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
August 1, 2024
Tanja M Gampfer, Victoria Schütz, Philip Schippers et al.
11 citations
Two new hallucinogenic drugs, 1cP-LSD and 4-AcO-DET, were metabolized in human liver S9 fraction and in zebrafish larvae, with several phase I and phase II metabolites identified. Some metabolites were unique to zebrafish larvae. Neither compound showed toxic effects on human liver cells, though 4-AcO-DET combined with a CYP inhibitor altered two cellular parameters at concentrations far above expected in vivo levels. The authors suggest further testing with other liver cell lines that express more CYP enzymes.
Drug testing and analysis
January 1, 2025
Pierce V Kavanagh, Folker Westphal, Benedikt Pulver et al.
8 citations
A novel LSD derivative, 1-dodecanoyl-LSD (1DD-LSD), was synthesized and tested in mice to see if it produces LSD-like effects. The compound induced a head-twitch response in C57BL/6J mice with a median effective dose of 2.17 mg/kg (3.60 μmol/kg). LSD was 27-fold more potent than 1DD-LSD under similar conditions. Other homologues, such as ALD-52 and 1-propanoyl-LSD, also showed considerably higher potency, suggesting that hydrolysis of the 1-dodecanoyl moiety may be less efficient in vivo. The increased lipophilicity of 1DD-LSD might cause it to be sequestered in fat, reducing enzymatic hydrolysis. Further studies are needed to assess its activity in humans and its potential as a long-acting prodrug for LSD.
Drug testing and analysis
March 1, 2023
Pierce V Kavanagh, Folker Westphal, Benedikt Pulver et al.
7 citations
A new lysergamide, 1cP-AL-LAD, was analyzed using chromatographic, mass spectrometric, and spectroscopic methods. A powdered sample from an online vendor contained 17 impurities, including AL-LAD and 1P-AL-LAD (confirmed by reference standards) and tentatively identified compounds such as 1-acetyl-AL-LAD and oxidation products of the N6-allyl group and ergoline ring. The substance was also found in blotter paper samples sold online for recreational use. These findings provide analytical data for researchers interested in lysergamide chemistry.
Drug testing and analysis
February 1, 2024
Simon D Brandt, Pierce V Kavanagh, Folker Westphal et al.
5 citations
N-ethyl-N-isopropyllysergamide (EIPLA), an isomer of the psychedelic lysergamide ETH-LAD, shows LSD-like properties in preclinical tests. Mass spectrometry, chromatography, and NMR spectroscopy distinguished EIPLA from ETH-LAD by their structural features. Blotter extracts contained 96.9 ± 0.5 μg and 85.8 ± 2.8 μg of EIPLA base. In mice, EIPLA induced head-twitch responses (ED50 = 234.6 nmol/kg), about half the potency of LSD (ED50 = 132.8 nmol/kg), consistent with serotonergic psychedelic effects. Analytical data are provided to aid forensic and clinical identification.