Assessment
January 27, 2006
Ruth A. Baer, Gregory T. Smith, Jaclyn Hopkins et al.
7,526 citations
Mindfulness is composed of at least five distinct facets, as shown by analyses of five new questionnaires given to two large groups of undergraduates. Four of these facets appear to be part of an overall mindfulness construct, and their structure may differ depending on meditation experience. The facets relate differently to other psychological constructs and predict psychological symptoms beyond what other measures do, supporting a multifaceted view of mindfulness.
Assessment
February 29, 2008
Ruth A. Baer, Gregory T. Smith, Emily Lykins et al.
2,933 citations
Mindfulness as measured by self-report includes five component skills: observing, describing, acting with awareness, nonjudging of inner experience, and nonreactivity to inner experience, assessed with the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). The authors examined the construct validity of the FFMQ in experienced meditators and nonmeditating comparison groups. Most mindfulness facets were significantly related to meditation experience and to psychological symptoms and well-being. The relationship between the observing facet and psychological adjustment varied with meditation experience. Several facets independently predicted well-being and mediated the relationship between meditation experience and well-being, supporting the FFMQ's construct validity in these samples.
Assessment
September 1, 2004
Ruth A. Baer, Gregory T. Smith, Kristin B. Allen
2,283 citations
A new self-report questionnaire measuring four mindfulness skills—observing, describing, acting with awareness, and accepting without judgment—shows good reliability and a clear factor structure. These skills relate differently to personality and mental health: they are linked to neuroticism, psychological symptoms, emotional intelligence, alexithymia, experiential avoidance, dissociation, and absorption. The findings suggest mindfulness is not a single trait but a set of distinct abilities with unique connections to well-being.
Assessment
April 1, 2022
Joel N Fishbein, Ruth A Baer, Joshua Correll et al.
13 citations
A new questionnaire measures self-transcendence—distancing from mental content, distinguishing an observer of experience, and experiencing connectedness with others—as promoted in contextual cognitive behavioral therapies. Exploratory factor analysis and bifactor models supported three of four proposed facets. These facets correlated with decentering, defusion, experiential avoidance, and mindfulness, and predicted psychological well-being beyond other measures. The findings support a CCBT-informed model of self-transcendence and provide a tool for future research and intervention targets.
Assessment
March 31, 2025
Stephen Raynes, Karen Dobkins
4 citations
A new questionnaire called the State Four Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (state-4FMQ) was developed and validated to measure momentary mindfulness after meditation. Adapted from the trait Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, it captures four facets of mindfulness—excluding Nonreactivity. In two studies with undergraduates who completed a 20-minute mindfulness meditation, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a four-factor structure. A short-form was also established. The state-4FMQ showed good internal consistency and convergent, predictive, and construct validity. Some facets predicted momentary well-being more strongly than others, supporting the questionnaire's use across various situations.