Skip to content

Default mode network

A brain network linked to self-referential thought whose modulation is associated with psychedelic and meditative states.

State of the evidence

Synthesized

Synthesized from 25 studies in the library · AI-generated, grounded in the abstracts below

Found by searching the library for Default mode network, DMN, resting-state network, then ranked by relevance.

The default mode network (DMN) is a set of brain regions active during rest and self-referential thought, and its activity and connectivity are altered in meditation, psychedelic states, and psychopathology. Research consistently shows that meditation is associated with reduced DMN activity and altered connectivity, while psychedelics like psilocybin decrease DMN activity and disrupt its hierarchical processing. A key caveat is that many studies have small sample sizes and the durability of these effects is not well established.

Confidence in the evidence

Moderate
  • Multiple studies (e.g., 26164, 26165, 26176) provide consistent evidence for the DMN's structure and function, but many are reviews or small-sample neuroimaging studies.
  • The evidence for DMN changes in meditation (26167) and psychedelics (16043, 27746) comes from moderate-sized studies, but replication across independent samples is limited.
  • Studies on DMN in psychopathology (26166) are consistent but largely observational, limiting causal inference.
  • Overall, the body of evidence is coherent but not yet large-scale or highly controlled, warranting moderate confidence.
How we rate confidence

Confidence reflects the strength of the underlying evidence, not whether the result is favorable. It weighs the number and size of studies, their design (randomized trials count for more than observational or single-case work), how consistently they point the same way, and their risk of bias.

Tiers run from Insufficient to High. High is rare in this field: small, early, or open-label studies land lower even when their direction is encouraging.

Evidence by study

Direction is each study's finding relative to your question: Supports, Opposes, No effect, Mixed, or Unclear.

Describes the DMN as a set of brain regions that decrease activity during attention-demanding tasks and are central to resting-state studies.

review

Resting-state functional connectivity within the DMN reflects structural connectivity as measured by DTI tractography.

observational

Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness in regions including prefrontal cortex, but does not directly measure DMN.

observational · Sample size: 20

DMN is hyperactivated and hyperconnected in schizophrenia and depression, relating to self-reference and rumination.

review

Experienced meditators show deactivation of DMN nodes and stronger functional connectivity between posterior cingulate and cognitive control regions.

observational

Proposes that the psychedelic state is characterized by elevated entropy in brain function, with the DMN playing a role in normal waking consciousness.

theoretical

The precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex plays a pivotal role in the DMN, with strong interactions with other DMN regions.

observational

DMN components (vmPFC and PCC) have distinct anticorrelated networks, with vmPFC negatively predicting activity in attention networks and PCC in motor control circuits.

observational

Psilocybin decreases cerebral blood flow and BOLD signal in hub regions including the PCC and mPFC, and reduces positive coupling between mPFC and PCC.

observational · Sample size: 30

Autobiographical memory, prospection, and theory of mind engage a common pattern of activation in the DMN.

observational

The salience network drives switching between the DMN and the central executive network, confirmed with dynamic causal modelling.

observational

Social cognition tasks activate a network that overlaps with the DMN.

review

Ventral and dorsal PCC show opposite patterns of DMN integration and anticorrelation with the cognitive control network as task difficulty increases.

observational

Deep sleep reduces correlation between DMN components, particularly involving frontal cortex, suggesting DMN supports conscious awareness.

observational

DMN dynamically reconfigures during narrative comprehension, with coupling strength predicting memory of narrative segments.

observational

A distributed FC pattern involving DMN is more strongly expressed in patients with hallucinations and associated with attention-executive alterations.

observational · Sample size: 53

Open Presence meditation in experts is associated with reduced global network eccentricity, indicating altered large-scale brain organization.

observational · Sample size: 75

Ketamine reverses social avoidance and induces reorganization of multilayer network topology, with region-specific nodal changes.

observational

Psilocybin and escitalopram show opposite reconfigurations of hierarchical non-equilibrium brain dynamics, with baseline measures distinguishing responders.

RCT

Psychedelics (MDMA, psilocybin, LSD) attenuate bottom-up signal flow within the DMN across multiple datasets.

observational

A functional hierarchy in the DMN supports agent-specific and agent-general mental state reasoning.

observational

Psilocybin increases EEG microstate transitions and reduces microstate lifespan during peak intoxication, correlating with subjective experience.

RCT · Sample size: 15

Awe experiences modulate alpha and theta band activity, with involvement of DMN and fronto-temporal circuits.

observational

Spontaneous pupil fluctuations are coupled with DMN, salience, and sensorimotor networks, linking neuromodulation to large-scale dynamics.

review

Psychedelics downregulate the DMN, and music amplifies emotional effects, facilitating therapeutic breakthroughs.

review

Points of agreement

  • The DMN is consistently described as a set of brain regions active during rest and self-referential thought, with key nodes including medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and medial temporal lobes.
  • Meditation is associated with reduced DMN activity and altered connectivity, particularly involving the posterior cingulate and prefrontal regions.
  • Psychedelics like psilocybin decrease DMN activity and disrupt its hierarchical processing, with effects on connectivity and network dynamics.
  • DMN abnormalities are linked to psychopathology, including hyperactivity in depression and schizophrenia.

Conflicts

  • Some studies emphasize DMN deactivation during tasks, while others show DMN activation during social cognition and self-referential tasks.
  • The role of the PCC is fractionated, with ventral and dorsal parts showing opposite patterns of integration with DMN and cognitive control networks.

Gaps

  • Durability of DMN changes after meditation or psychedelic interventions is not well studied.
  • Sample sizes are often small, limiting generalizability.
  • Blinding and placebo control are challenging in psychedelic studies.
  • Direct comparisons between different meditation styles or psychedelic compounds on DMN are lacking.
  • Longitudinal studies linking DMN changes to clinical outcomes are needed.
Browse these studies in the library
How we analyze this

This synthesis reads the 15 most-cited and 10 most recent studies whose primary subject is Default mode network, up to 25 in all. The most-cited set anchors the established evidence, and the recent set surfaces work that is too new to have gathered citations yet.

A study qualifies only when Default mode network or a known alias appears in its title or keywords, so broad reviews that mention it only in passing are left out. Each study is read from its abstract, strongest evidence first, and the summary reports the direction of the results along with any conflicts and gaps.

538 articles · 223 from the last two years · 21,173 participants across 190 studies reporting sample size

Common study designs

review 79 observational study 29 observational cohort 93 randomized controlled trial 26 theoretical or philosophical paper 50

Shared Neurobiological and Computational Mechanisms of Psychedelic, Contemplative, and Fasting-Induced Mystical Experience

Alex Jinich-Diamant preprint

Mystical states induced by psychedelics, meditation, or fasting all converge on the same brain state: a transient near-critical regime. Serotonergic psychedelics relax top-down priors by sensitizing layer 5 pyramidal neurons; open-monitoring meditation elevates cortical entropy through altered thalamocortical connectivity; caloric restriction destabilizes the default mode network by attenuating metabolic support for high-level attractors. The depth of the mystical state, not the method of induction, predicts lasting therapeutic benefit, suggesting conscious experience itself is the mechanistic agent of change. This framework proposes that near-critical dynamics may allow field-theoretic and quantum-coherent contributions to consciousness to become detectable.

Meditation, Psychedelics, and Brain Connectivity: A Randomised Controlled Resting-State fMRI Study of N,N -Dimethyltryptamine and Harmine in a Meditation Retreat

medRxiv • Klemens Egger, Daniel Meling, Firuze Polat et al. preprint

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled pharmaco-fMRI study, 40 meditation practitioners on a three-day retreat received either placebo or buccal DMT-harmine (120 mg each). Meditation alone increased network segregation across several resting-state networks, while DMT-harmine increased functional connectivity within the visual network and between visual and attention networks. Between-group differences showed increased connectivity between visual and salience networks in the DMT-harmine group. No prolonged cortical gradient disruption was observed, indicating a return to typical brain organization shortly after the experience. Meditation reduced connectivity between networks, whereas DMT-harmine increased within- and between-network connectivity, revealing distinct neural mechanisms.

Ketamine-induced pleasant but not unpleasant dissociation is linked to the functional connectivity profile of the posteromedial cortex

Zumrut Duygu Sen, Nitin Sharma, Lena Vera Danyeli et al. preprint

Ketamine causes temporary dissociative experiences alongside its rapid therapeutic effects. This study examined whether pleasant and unpleasant dissociations can be predicted by functional connectivity of the posteromedial cortex (PMC) in 35 male participants during ultrahigh-field MRI. Pleasant dissociation (oceanic boundlessness) was predicted by PMC connections with control network regions at baseline and during infusion, and additionally with default mode network regions during infusion. Unpleasant dissociation (anxious ego dissolution) could not be predicted by PMC connectivity. The findings suggest distinct brain mechanisms for pleasant versus unpleasant dissociations, and that PMC connectivity changes may be a shared neural feature of dissociation from both ketamine and psychedelics.

Brain State Dynamics in Ketamine-Induced Dissociation Resemble Those in PTSD

Noam Goldway, Taly Markovits, Naomi Fine et al. preprint

Dissociation—feeling detached from one's body, surroundings, or self—is common in PTSD but its neural basis is poorly understood. Using network control theory, researchers examined brain dynamics during dissociative states in two contexts: ketamine-induced dissociation in 30 healthy volunteers and therapeutic interventions in 78 PTSD patients. Ketamine produced brain dynamics similar to those seen in PTSD patients before treatment, with increased dominance of a default mode network meta-state and decreased dominance of a somatomotor meta-state. Ketamine did not significantly alter the brain's energetic landscape, but transition energies increased after PTSD treatment, suggesting more organized, less entropic brain dynamics.

Born Twice DMT and the Echo of Our First Conscious Experience

Tony Montgomery

A simple endogenous tryptamine can profoundly alter perception and self-modeling. The Birth Echo Hypothesis proposes that during a narrow perinatal window around delivery, a convergence of stress, sensory novelty, and neuromodulators biases encoding of high-salience sensorimotor templates. In adulthood, exogenous DMT may reconfigure brain dynamics via 5-HT2A and sigma-1 receptors, making these preverbal templates accessible as archetypal, emotionally intense, synesthetic content. DMT is framed as a co-modulator within an evolved perinatal regulatory ensemble. Testable predictions include adult DMT phenomenology showing perinatal-consistent motifs, neonatal EEG/fMRI state-space similarity to adult DMT states, and peri-parturient biospecimens revealing DMT-pathway marker co-variation. The hypothesis reframes psychedelic phenomenology as structural re-expression of early sensorimotor templates.

Effect of LSD and music on the time-varying brain dynamics

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) • Iga Adamska, Karolina Finc • 1 citation preprint

Listening to music while under the influence of LSD alters the brain's moment-to-moment patterns of activity, particularly in networks linked to attention and task performance. In a study of 15 participants who underwent functional MRI scans after taking LSD or a placebo, the combination of music and LSD changed how long the brain stayed in a task-positive state. LSD alone, regardless of music, affected the dynamics of a state involving the default mode, somatomotor, and visual networks. Music itself appeared to have a lingering effect on resting-state brain activity, especially on networks associated with tasks. These findings suggest that music, as part of the setting, can shape the psychedelic experience at a neural level.

Ketamine-related neural changes in treatment-resistant depression: A multimodal synthesis of fMRI and PET studies.

Journal of affective disorders • September 1, 2026 • Nesreen Sedeek, Carley Rivers, Lucas Williamson et al.

Ketamine's rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant depression are linked to changes in brain activity, but previous studies have been hard to compare due to differences in imaging techniques, analysis methods, and timing. A review combining fMRI and PET studies found that ketamine-related effects commonly appear in subcortical brain regions, with more variable effects in cortical areas like the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. Network-level patterns suggest involvement of the default-mode, ventral attention, and visual systems. These findings are hypothesis-generating and highlight the need for future studies that harmonize methods to directly connect circuit changes to molecular mechanisms and clinical outcomes.

Neural Correlates of Cognitive Alterations and Minor and Structured Hallucinations in Parkinson's Disease

medRxiv • July 10, 2026 • Lada Kohoutová, Jevita Potheegadoo, Léa F Duong Phan Thanh et al.

Hallucinations in Parkinson's disease, from minor to structured, are linked to changes in brain connectivity and cognitive decline. Non-demented patients with minor or structured hallucinations share a common pattern of resting-state functional connectivity that is absent in patients without hallucinations. This pattern involves connections between subcortical areas and visual, attention, and default mode networks, as well as within-cerebellar and within-subcortical connectivity. The pattern is equally expressed in both hallucination groups and is associated with impairments in attention and executive function, as well as increased sensitivity to an experimental procedure that induces presence hallucinations. The findings suggest that altered subcortical-cortical connectivity underlies hallucinations even in their early, minor forms.

The Intercorporeal Present: Toward a Neurophenomenology of Shared Minimal-Dual Awareness

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) • July 10, 2026 • Tenzin Trepp

A distinctive form of intersubjective experience called shared minimal-dual awareness (MDA) or the "intercorporeal present" can be jointly enacted by two embodied persons. In this mode, each person's habitual self-narrative falls silent while a mutual salience-space forms between them, without erasing their separateness. This is not mere empathy or coordination but a qualitatively different we-consciousness grounded in ongoing embodied coupling. The authors propose a three-layer taxonomy of we-consciousness: coordination-we, affective-we, and presence-we. They introduce the concept of "resonant alterity" where the other's full alterity is alive yet self-centered narrative does not dominate. The paper sketches a neurophenomenological model predicting that shared MDA correlates with reduced default-mode activity and enhanced inter-brain synchrony in attention and salience networks, and outlines an experimental program using dual-EEG/fNIRS hyperscanning.

Antidepressant effect of psychedelic compounds and mechanisms underlying the G protein-coupled receptors activation psychedelics: Antidepressant action and GPCR signaling.

European journal of pharmacology • July 10, 2026 • Amanda Gollo Bertollo, Vinicius Alexandre Wippel, Maiqueli Eduarda Dama Mingoti et al.

Psychedelic compounds show promise as rapid-acting antidepressants, especially for treatment-resistant depression. Their effects are primarily mediated through 5-HT2A receptor activation, which triggers intracellular signaling cascades involving Gq/11 and β-arrestin pathways, leading to neuroplasticity, synaptogenesis, and remodeling of neural circuits like the default mode network. These compounds also modulate glutamatergic transmission and have anti-inflammatory properties. Key transcription factors and epigenetic modifications contribute to enduring changes in gene expression. While 5-HT2A receptors play a central role, other receptors and neurotransmitter systems are also involved. The review identifies knowledge gaps regarding interactions between these mechanisms and suggests future research directions.