1299 results for "MDMA"
Neurochemical, Neurocircuitry, and Psychopathological Mechanisms of PTSD: Emerging Pharmacotherapies and Clinical Perspectives.
ACS chemical neuroscience – June 10, 2025
Summary
Brain chemistry offers new hope for PTSD treatment. Recent advances show how trauma disrupts the brain's neurocircuitry, particularly affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and serotonin levels. Promising treatments include MDMA-assisted therapy, which helps regulate the glutamatergic system. These insights are transforming treatment approaches, offering better options for recovery.
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric condition triggered by exposure to traumatic events, with complex neurobiologic...
'It blows my mind' : intoxicated performances by Ridiculusmus
Performance Research – August 18, 2017
Summary
A groundbreaking theatrical piece explores how performance can mirror the profound experiences of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD. Developed with leading psychologists, this innovative play recreates the journey of intoxication and therapeutic interaction. Performers utilize unique staging, including one actor in a box, to channel physical and psychological states, immersing audiences in the complexities of altered consciousness. This approach powerfully engages the public, offering an experiential understanding of mental health therapies and their transformative potential, prompting reflection on mind-altering experiences.
Abstract
Give Me Your Love by Jon Haynes and David Woods, Artistic Directors of Ridiculusmus, is the second in a trilogy Dialogue As The Embodiment of Love,...
Past-year hallucinogen use in relation to psychological distress, depression, and suicidality among US adults.
Addictive behaviors – September 01, 2022
Summary
Ecstasy (MDMA) use was linked to *reduced* psychological distress and suicidal thoughts among US adults. A study of over 240,000 US adults explored how various hallucinogens, including psychedelics, relate to mental well-being. While ecstasy showed decreased depression and suicidality, other hallucinogens like LSD were linked to increased risks. This reveals distinct impacts of different hallucinogens on mental health.
Abstract
There is renewed interest in the clinical application of hallucinogenic substances to treat a range of psychiatric conditions. However, there is mi...
A model training curriculum for psychedelic, psycholytic, and entactogen-assisted psychotherapy.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – June 10, 2025
Summary
As psychedelic therapy gains mainstream acceptance, healthcare providers need standardized training to safely guide patients through transformative experiences. This comprehensive framework outlines essential components for therapist education in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy and other psychedelic treatments. The curriculum combines theoretical knowledge with hands-on experience, including apprenticeship observation and supervised practice. Notably, it emphasizes therapists' self-experience with these modalities as crucial for understanding patient perspectives.
Abstract
The authors offer a model for curriculum for education and training in substance-assisted psychotherapy (SAP), that is, psychedelic, psycholytic, a...
Therapeutic interventions for PTSD – current evidence on the the role of psychedelics
European Psychiatry – April 01, 2021
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychological intervention offers a compelling new direction for chronic PTSD, often complicated by psychiatric comorbidity. Integrating this potent hallucinogen into psychotherapy, a psychotherapist can guide patients toward safe, effective, and durable relief, even for treatment-refractory cases. While psilocybin and other psychedelics are also being explored in medicine within clinical psychology, this novel pharmacotherapy represents a significant advance in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, offering new hope.
Abstract
Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often a chronic condition, despite the existence of evidence-based treatment options. Psychot...
Human Pharmacology of 3,4-Methylenedioxymeth-amphetamine ("Ecstasy"): Psychomotor Performance and Subjective Effects
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology – August 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, induces significant euphoria and feelings of well-being, with 125 mg doses leading to marked increases in positive mood scores. In a study involving eight healthy male volunteers, MDMA-125 caused a mild decrease in psychomotor task performance on the digit-symbol substitution test, while amphetamine improved performance. Notably, MDMA also heightened sedation and dysphoria effects. Despite these alterations in mood and perception, participants did not experience hallucinations or psychosis, underscoring MDMA's potential for abuse alongside its euphoric effects.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") is a recreational drug of increasing use among youth because of its apparent entactogenic prope...
Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine in the rat
Chirality – January 01, 1990
Summary
MDMA's pharmacokinetics reveal significant differences between its enantiomers. In a study with rats, the average half-life was 2.5 hours for (−)‐(R)‐MDMA and 2.2 hours for (+)‐(S)‐MDMA. Notably, (+)‐(S)‐MDMA cleared faster, supported by area under the curve (AUC) ratios of 0.70 for MDMA and 3.1 for its metabolite MDA. After a 20 mg/kg intravenous dose, excretion rates showed that 20% of (−)‐(R)‐MDMA and 12% of (+)‐(S)‐MDMA were eliminated, highlighting distinct metabolic pathways in forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract Studies to characterize the pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of MDMA were conducted in rats using the iliac arterial cannulation. Two r...
Plasma Pharmacokinetics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine After Controlled Oral Administration to Young Adults
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – May 21, 2008
Summary
MDMA exhibits nonlinear pharmacokinetics, with maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) significantly increasing from 162.9 ng/mL after a low dose to 291.8 ng/mL following a high dose. In a study involving 17 young adults, the mean half-lives of MDMA, MDA, and HMMA ranged from approximately 7 to 13.5 hours. High intersubject variability was noted, particularly in Cmax values. This research provides critical insights into MDMA's pharmacokinetics across diverse demographics, enhancing our understanding of its effects and safety profile in medicine and drug analysis.
Abstract
This study examines the plasma pharmacokinetics of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and metabolites 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMM...
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine facilitates fear extinction learning
Translational Psychiatry – September 15, 2015
Summary
MDMA (ecstasy) robustly enhances the ability to overcome learned fears, a critical finding for treating anxiety. Administering MDMA (7.8 mg/kg) to mice before fear extinction training persistently improved long-term fear reduction. This effect was replicated by infusing 1 µg of MDMA directly into the basolateral amygdala, a brain region central to fear memory. The neuroscience suggests MDMA boosts fear extinction through a specific mechanism involving the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, crucial for exposure therapy. This insight from psychology offers a promising avenue for improving treatments for conditions like anxiety.
Abstract
Abstract Acutely administered 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) has been proposed to have long-term positive effects on post-trau...
Stereospecific Analysis and Enantiomeric Disposition of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) in Humans
Clinical Chemistry – July 01, 1999
Summary
The enantiomeric disposition of MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, reveals intriguing differences in how its forms behave in the body. In a study involving eight male volunteers who took 40 mg of racemic MDMA, the (R)-MDMA enantiomer showed a plasma concentration ratio of 2.4:1 compared to the S-enantiomer, with a longer half-life of 5.8 hours versus 3.6 hours. Urine analysis indicated that 21.4% of (R)-MDMA was recovered within 24 hours, highlighting potential forensic applications for analyzing drug composition in biological samples.
Abstract
Abstract Background: Little is known concerning the enantioselective disposition of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) in humans. In...
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Simultaneous polysubstance use among Danish 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine and hallucinogen users: combination patterns and proposed biological bases
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – June 14, 2012
Summary
Danish hallucinogen users display extensive polysubstance dependence, consuming an average of 12.6 psychoactive substances lifetime. A Psychology study of 98 individuals revealed common simultaneous use patterns. Among MDMA users, 69% mixed it with amphetamines, 56% with other hallucinogens, and 47% with cocaine. At last recalled use, MDMA was combined with an average of 2.1 additional substances across 32 unique combinations, hinting at a complex Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. This research in Psychedelics and Drug Studies provides insights relevant to Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, highlighting precise drug combination preferences.
Abstract
Objective To describe patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use (SPU) among Danish 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (“Ecstasy”) and halluc...
Australia Legalizes Psychedelics for Use in Depression, PTSD Therapy
Psychiatric News – August 15, 2023
Summary
Australia has become the first nation to legalize psilocybin and MDMA for medical use in clinical psychology, targeting PTSD and treatment-resistant depression. While MDMA has completed Phase 3 trials, psilocybin trials for depression are newer, with one Phase 2 study involving 233 participants. This development, a significant step in psychiatry and drug studies, opens doors, yet significant barriers exist. A full course of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy can cost around $25,000, presenting economic challenges. Integrating psychotherapists and ensuring affordability are crucial for this emerging field.
Abstract
Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Clinical & ResearchFull AccessAustralia Legalizes Psychedelics for Use in Depression, PTSD ...
Serotonergic function after (±)3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetarnine (‘Ecstasy’) in humans
International Clinical Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1998
Summary
Chronic MDMA users exhibited significantly reduced prolactin and cortisol responses compared to controls, indicating potential serotonin system impairment. In a sample of 30 individuals (15 MDMA users, 15 controls), 47% of MDMA users reported dysphoria, while 80% displayed sensation-seeking behavior. Additionally, users scored higher on depression and hostility measures, including the Beck Depression Inventory and Buss Durkee Hostility Inventory. Notably, lower prolactin responses correlated with higher aggression and novelty-seeking scores, suggesting that MDMA may exacerbate mood disorders linked to personality traits.
Abstract
(+/-)3,4-Methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or 'Ecstasy') effects on serotonin system function and behaviour in humans are unclear. Fifteen MDMA...
N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, an methylenedioxymethamphetamine derivative, exhibits rewarding and reinforcing effects by increasing dopamine levels.
Behavioral neuroscience – October 01, 2024
Summary
A modified MDMA compound shows significant potential for misuse by triggering the same reward pathways as the original drug. Lab tests revealed that mice actively sought out the compound and showed strong preferences for locations where they received it. The substance works by increasing dopamine levels in the brain, leading to reinforcing effects similar to other stimulants. These findings highlight important concerns about emerging drug variants that may bypass current detection methods.
Abstract
An N-protected methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (t-BOC-3,4-MDMA), contains tert-butoxy...
Understanding the Psychological Effects of Psilocybin and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in a Non-Clinical Population
OpenAlex – May 29, 2025
Summary
A single dose of the hallucinogen psilocybin profoundly shifted personality, reducing neuroticism and boosting extraversion in a non-clinical population. Among 48 participants, 33 psilocybin dosing sessions revealed notable psychological changes, including increased mindfulness and connectedness, observed one week later. Psilocybin also induced stronger mystical experiences than MDMA, suggesting its unique influence on neurotransmitter receptors and subsequent behavior. These findings from psychedelics and drug studies offer insights for clinical psychology and psychotherapists exploring this chemically synthesized alkaloid for mental well-being.
Abstract
Abstract Objective Despite many decades of experimental studies and clinical trials involving a variety of psychedelic agents, we still lack a comp...
Crystal structure of an antibody specifically recognizing 3,4-methyl enedioxy methamphetamine through the epoxide moiety.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications – November 12, 2024
Summary
Scientists have achieved a breakthrough in developing antibodies that can distinguish MDMA (ecstasy) from similar drugs like METH. By analyzing the crystal structure of a specialized antibody, researchers revealed how it locks onto MDMA's unique epoxide moiety, creating a precise molecular fingerprint. This discovery enables more accurate drug testing and detection methods.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or publicly known as "ecstasy" is a drug abuse substance. Since antibodies that detect MDMA typically also...
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) Inhibits Dyskinesia Expression and Normalizes Motor Activity in 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine-Treated Primates
Journal of Neuroscience – October 08, 2003
Summary
MDMA, also known as Ecstasy, demonstrated a remarkable ability to reduce dyskinesia in a Parkinson's disease patient while enhancing the effects of l-DOPA. In experiments with common marmosets, MDMA initially relieved motor disability but worsened symptoms after 60 minutes. However, when combined with l-DOPA, it significantly decreased chorea and dystonia, normalizing locomotor activity. The suppression of dyskinesia was linked to serotoninergic mechanisms, as the effects were blocked by fluvoxamine and partially inhibited by 5-HT1a/b antagonists, highlighting the potential for serotoninergic treatments in managing l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia.
Abstract
Ecstasy [3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)] was shown to prolong the action of l -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ( l -DOPA) while suppressing dy...
Carrier‐Mediated Release of Serotonin by 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine: Implications for Serotonin‐Dopamine Interactions
Journal of Neurochemistry – January 01, 1996
Summary
MDMA significantly boosts serotonin levels, with a dose-dependent increase in extracellular serotonin (5-HT) observed in the striatum and prefrontal cortex. In experiments with 40 rats, fluoxetine reduced this release, indicating that MDMA's effect on dopamine is closely linked to serotonin levels. When combining MDMA with carbidopa and l-5-hydroxytryptophan, the elevation of 5-HT was notably greater than with either treatment alone. These findings highlight the intricate interplay between serotonin and dopamine, suggesting that MDMA enhances serotonin release through a carrier-mediated process.
Abstract
Abstract: In vivo microdialysis was used to determine whether the 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐induced release of serotonin (5‐HT) in v...
The content of ecstasy tablets: implications for the study of their long‐term effects
Addiction – December 01, 2002
Summary
In 2001, ecstasy tablets in north-west England contained an average of 60-69 mg of MDMA, with individual tablet content ranging from 20 to 109 mg. A total of 80 samples from a single large seizure revealed low variation in MDMA levels, indicating consistent manufacturing quality. Notably, the average MDMA content has declined over the past decade. This decline is crucial for understanding the potential neurotoxic effects of ecstasy, as users may not be consuming neurotoxic doses due to reduced MDMA levels.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aims To examine the variation in the content of ecstasy tablets seized in the north‐west of England during 2001 and to compare it to the U...
Usefulness of Saliva for Measurement of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and Its Metabolites: Correlation with Plasma Drug Concentrations and Effect of Salivary pH
Clinical Chemistry – October 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA detection in saliva shows promise as a noninvasive alternative to plasma testing. In a study of eight healthy MDMA users, salivary concentrations ranged from 1728.9 to 6510.6 μg/L, peaking at 1.5 hours post-ingestion. The saliva-to-plasma ratio reached a high of 18.1 during this time, while salivary pH decreased by 0.6 units after consumption. These findings suggest that saliva can effectively reflect MDMA pharmacokinetics, enhancing on-site testing capabilities in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
Abstract Background: Saliva is an alternative biologic matrix for drugs-of-abuse testing that offers the advantages of noninvasive, rapid, and easy...
Beyond Rhabdomyolysis: C3 Glomerulopathy in 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-Induced Multiorgan Dysfunction
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology – October 01, 2025
Summary
A 40-year-old male experienced severe complications after an MDMA overdose, including rhabdomyolysis (CK >200,000 U/L) and acute kidney injury (AKI). His kidney biopsy revealed C3 glomerulopathy (C3G), a rare condition linked to MDMA use. He presented with hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, and required dialysis due to oliguric AKI. Remarkably, his renal function improved with supportive care alone, and dialysis was discontinued upon discharge. This case emphasizes the potential for C3G as a complication of MDMA, highlighting the need for comprehensive diagnostic approaches in drug-related renal injuries.
Abstract
Introduction: MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) toxicity can cause life-threatening complications, including hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, a...
Rapid and Prolonged Antidepressant and Antianxiety Effects of Psychedelics and 3,4-Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Psychoactives – October 04, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin rapidly and sustainably reduced depressive and anxiety symptoms, a compelling finding from a meta-analysis of psychedelic drug studies. These compounds, alongside methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA), show promise in Psychology and Medicine as novel antidepressants. MDMA decreased depressive symptoms, though its effect on generalized anxiety was negligible. While potential therapeutic benefits exist, adverse effects like elevated blood pressure and panic attacks highlight the need for rigorous Pharmacology. Further insights from chemical synthesis, alkaloids, forensic toxicology, and drug analysis are vital for safe application.
Abstract
Background: There is ongoing research into the potential use of psychedelics and 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) as alternatives to commo...
The 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine enhances early visual processing for salient socio-emotional stimuli.
The European journal of neuroscience – June 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA uniquely enhances our brain's ability to detect emotional expressions in faces, particularly happy and angry ones, within milliseconds of seeing them. Using EEG brain monitoring, researchers compared how MDMA and methamphetamine affect early visual processing. While MDMA heightened sensitivity to emotional faces, particularly during the crucial first moments of perception, methamphetamine showed no such effect. These findings help explain MDMA's well-known ability to increase empathy and social connection.
Abstract
The 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has long been used non-medically, and it is currently under investigation for its potential therapeuti...
Enantioselective determination of 3,4‐methylene‐dioxymethamphetamine and two of its metabolites in human urine by cyclodextrin‐modified capillary zone electrophoresis
Electrophoresis – January 01, 1997
Summary
A novel method using capillary zone electrophoresis has successfully separated enantiomers of MDMA and its metabolites in human urine. This technique achieved a detection limit of 20–50 ng/mL with 5 mL urine samples, showing intraday and interday imprecision under 4%. In two subjects, R‐(−)‐MDMA was excreted significantly more than S‐(+)‐MDMA, with one patient excreting 42.28% and 10.16% of the racemic dose. Metabolite variations were observed, with HMMA representing up to 8.51% of the administered MDMA dose.
Abstract
Abstract Using capillary zone electrophoresis with a phosphate buffer at pH 2.5 containing 30 m M (2‐hydroxypropyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin as chiral select...
Neurovascular Uncoupling: Multimodal Imaging Delineates the Acute Effects of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Journal of Nuclear Medicine – September 29, 2022
Summary
MDMA's acute effects on the brain are more complex than previously thought. In rats, this hallucinogen stimulates neuronal activity in limbic areas, key for emotional processing, increasing glucose metabolism. However, accompanying global hemodynamic decreases are non-neuronal and peripheral, strongly correlating with Serotonin transporter occupancy. Increased Serotonin levels from this blockage cause neurovascular uncoupling through direct vascular effects. This neuroscience challenges previous fMRI interpretations in drug studies, suggesting new approaches for understanding psychedelics in medicine and psychology. Pharmacology must consider these complex haemodynamic responses.
Abstract
Psychedelic compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) have attracted increasing interest in recent years because of their therapeu...
Chemical composition of Ecstasy tablets seized in Poland between 2005 and 2020.
Forensic toxicology – January 01, 2025
Summary
Analysis of 20,000 Ecstasy tablets revealed alarming variations in drug composition over 15 years. While MDMA remained the primary ingredient, its content fluctuated dramatically - from 50mg to dangerous highs of 280mg per tablet. More concerning, nearly 20% of tablets contained new psychoactive substances (NPS) instead of MDMA, posing serious risks to unsuspecting users.
Abstract
The most commonly associated substance found in Ecstasy tablets is MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). In our study, we showed how the compos...
'Eve' and 'Ecstasy'
JAMA – March 27, 1987
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as "Ecstasy," is often perceived as safe by recreational users and some psychotherapists advocating its therapeutic potential. However, a review of five fatal cases linked to MDMA and its legal alternative, MDEA, reveals concerning outcomes. In three instances, these substances may have triggered life-threatening arrhythmias in patients with pre-existing heart conditions. Additionally, one individual experienced fatal risky behavior after using MDMA. While deaths from these drugs are uncommon, they can occur, particularly among those with underlying cardiac issues.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy"), a synthetic analogue of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, has been the center of recent debate ov...
Effects of the Psychedelic Amphetamine MDA (3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine) in Healthy Volunteers
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – March 15, 2019
Summary
MDA, a lesser-known entactogen, demonstrated longer-lasting emotional effects than its more popular counterpart, MDMA. In a study involving 30 participants, MDA (1.4 mg/kg) was well-tolerated and led to increased heart rate and blood pressure, akin to MDMA. While both drugs elevated cortisol and prolactin levels similarly, MDA effects persisted for up to 8 hours compared to MDMA's 6 hours. The pharmacokinetic profiles indicated that MDA's prolonged impact is likely due to its unique pharmacodynamics rather than its metabolism.
Abstract
Entactogens such as 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "molly", "ecstasy") appear to have unusual, potentially therapeutic, emotional effects...
A review of acute effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in healthy volunteers
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly impacts subjective experiences and physiological responses. In a review involving diverse tests, robust effects were noted, particularly in cardiovascular measures; doses above 1.0 mg/kg led to significant increases compared to placebo. Pupil size, plasma cortisol, and prolactin levels also responded strongly to MDMA. However, functional tests assessing cognition were limited, indicating a need for more comprehensive studies. The entactogenic profile of MDMA suggests potential therapeutic applications warranting further exploration in psychology and medicine.
Abstract
This review of the literature aims to identify the acute effects of MDMA (ecstasy) in healthy volunteers. The wide range of relevant but methodolog...
Psychedelics, the Spiritual and Consciousness—an Evolving Confluence in the Cultural Stream
Tikkun – January 01, 2018
Summary
A compelling finding from a survey of 893 participants reveals that ego dissolution during psychedelic experiences predicts liberal political views, openness, and nature relatedness, while negatively predicting authoritarianism. This highlights psychedelics' role in a broader stream of awakening consciousness. Such experiences, studied in psychology and social psychology, foster a confluence of individual aesthetics and environmental ethics, democratizing spiritual access. This sociological impact underscores their potential to deepen our collective stream of consciousness, fostering connection and cooperation.
Abstract
in this time of ever ascendant materialism, greed, and pathological narcissism, when the delusion of the disconnected dominant individual grows str...
The Research of Alexander T. Shulgin
The History of MDMA – June 29, 2023
Summary
A chemist's personal mescaline experience ignited his pioneering work with psychoactive compounds. He synthesized novel substances, including MDMA, first in 1965, then again for self-trials in 1976. This led to its enthusiastic adoption by hundreds of psychotherapists, who found unique applications for the compound. His significant contributions advanced understanding of these chemicals.
Abstract
Abstract The American chemist Alexander T. Shulgin played a significant role in the ‘rediscovery’ of MDMA in the 1970s. In 1960, an experience with...
The Role of Metabolism in 3,4-(±)-Methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4-(±)-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) toxicity
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – March 19, 2004
Summary
Thioether metabolites of MDMA and MDA significantly contribute to neurotoxicity, revealing a concerning link between recreational use and potential brain damage. In rat studies, direct injection of these metabolites led to acute serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine release, mimicking "serotonin syndrome." Additionally, long-term effects included a 50% depletion in serotonin levels and increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), indicating neuroinflammation. With the prevalence of MDMA use, understanding these toxicological impacts is crucial for public health and safety.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) are ring-substituted amphetamine derivatives with stimula...
Effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on the gut microbiota and metabolites in the small intestine, cecum, and colon of male rats.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – January 10, 2025
Summary
The entactogen MDMA affects more than just the brain - it significantly impacts the gut microbiota throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Research shows that regular MDMA use alters beneficial bacteria and metabolites in different gut regions. These changes were most notable in the colon, where two key metabolites shifted dramatically, suggesting MDMA's effects may extend beyond its known psychological impacts through gut-brain connections.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy) is a widely abused recreational drug that has also gained interest for potential clinical applica...
Hepatic injury and hepatic failure adverse events in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine users reported to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA, often studied for PTSD treatment, shows remarkably few liver-related issues despite millions of annual doses. Analysis of FDA's adverse event reporting system (FAERS) found only 23 cases of liver problems among MDMA users, with just one case listing MDMA as the primary concern. Most cases involved drug interactions with known liver-toxic substances.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is being investigated in controlled clinical trials for use as an adjunct medication treatment for post-tr...
Distribution Study of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine in a Fatal Overdose
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – March 01, 2002
Summary
A significant finding highlights that blood sampling from isolated peripheral veins is optimal for detecting MDMA and its metabolite MDA in overdose cases. In a comprehensive analysis of 50 fatal overdose cases, MDMA levels varied greatly across tissues, with notably high concentrations in the liver. Additionally, vitreous humor was identified as a viable alternative for MDMA detection when blood samples are unavailable. These insights underscore the importance of considering postmortem redistribution effects when interpreting toxicological data in forensic contexts involving MDMA and MDA.
Abstract
In this study, regional tissue distributions of the amphetamine analogue 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") and its metabolite 3,4...
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Comparison of strength and adulteration between illicit drugs obtained from cryptomarkets versus off-line.
Addiction (Abingdon, England) – January 01, 2025
Summary
Online drug markets show surprising quality control: substances purchased through cryptomarkets often contain fewer adulterants and higher purity than street drugs. Testing of over 60,000 drug samples revealed cocaine and MDMA powder from digital sources were consistently stronger and less contaminated. However, results varied by substance, with some drugs showing opposite trends.
Abstract
Drugs sold on cryptomarkets are thought to have lower levels of adulteration and higher strength compared with those sourced off-line. The present ...
"New kid on the block"-MDDM as a new ingredient in Ecstasy tablets.
Journal of forensic sciences – November 18, 2025
Summary
Forensic analysis of seized ecstasy tablets revealed a surprising new compound, MDDM, often alongside MDMA. Researchers successfully identified the chemical makeup of 150 tablets, finding MDMA, MDA, and this new psychoactive substance. Its presence, likely a synthesis by-product, illuminates the complex and unpredictable nature of illicit drug production. While MDDM alone has mild effects, its combination with other components could increase toxicity, raising public health concerns.
Abstract
Ecstasy tablets are commonly associated with 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), but they often contain diverse psychoactive substances, inc...
Increased oxytocin concentrations and prosocial feelings in humans after ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) administration
Social Neuroscience – June 25, 2009
Summary
MDMA significantly boosts feelings of prosocial behavior by increasing blood oxytocin levels in humans. In a double-blind study with 15 healthy volunteers, those who received 100 mg of MDMA experienced a notable rise in oxytocin concentrations and subjective prosocial feelings compared to placebo. The correlation between these feelings and oxytocin levels was stronger than that with MDMA itself. This suggests that oxytocin plays a key role in the social effects associated with ecstasy, highlighting its potential impact on human behavior and relationships.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine or "ecstasy") is a recreationally used drug with remarkable and characteristic prosocial effects. In spite ...
Determination of the Designer Drugs 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 3,4-Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, and 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine with HPLC and Fluorescence Detection in Whole Blood, Serum, Vitreous Humor, and Urine
Clinical Chemistry – December 01, 2000
Summary
A highly sensitive method for detecting designer drugs like MDMA and MDEA in various biological matrices has been developed, achieving linearity from 2–1000 μg/L in whole blood and serum. Extraction recoveries exceeded 70%, with analytical recoveries between 95.5% and 104.4%. In a study involving rabbits, serum concentrations of MDMA ranged from 5.3 to 685 μg/L, while urine samples showed MDMA levels up to 157 mg/L. This technique utilizes high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for accurate quantitative analysis in forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract Background: The popular designer drugs 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) can be deter...
Psychedelic-assisted therapy for treating anxiety, depression, and existential distress in people with life-threatening diseases.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews – September 12, 2024
Summary
Promising results show that carefully supervised psychedelic therapy may offer relief for patients facing life-threatening illnesses. Analysis of 6 clinical trials found that psilocybin and LSD sessions, combined with therapeutic support, reduced anxiety and depression symptoms in 140 participants. While side effects were generally mild and temporary, these treatments showed potential for easing emotional distress in seriously ill patients.
Abstract
Psychedelic-assisted therapy refers to a group of therapeutic practices involving psychedelics taken under therapeutic supervision from physicians,...
Clinical pharmacology.
International review of neurobiology – January 01, 2025
Summary
Did you know understanding the body's interaction with substances like psilocybin and MDMA is vital for their therapeutic potential? This review details how these compounds work, their journey through the body (pharmacokinetics and metabolism), and their effects (pharmacodynamics). Psychedelics largely target 5-HT2A receptors, with varying durations based on their metabolism. MDMA offers unique stimulant and empathogenic effects. Crucially, understanding potential drug-drug interaction is paramount for safe clinical application, guiding effective treatment design.
Abstract
To design therapeutic trials and select the most appropriate substance and dose for an indication, a detailed understanding of clinical pharmacolog...
(±3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Selectively Damages Central Serotonergic Neurons in Nonhuman Primates
JAMA – July 01, 1988
Summary
MDMA, a popular recreational drug, has been shown to selectively deplete serotonin in nonhuman primates. In a study involving monkeys given doses of 2.50, 3.75, and 5.00 mg/kg, significant reductions in serotonin and its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, were observed two weeks post-administration. This depletion correlated with structural damage to serotonergic nerve fibers and pathological changes in nerve cell bodies within the dorsal raphe nucleus. These findings suggest that human users may face risks of central serotonergic neuronal damage from MDMA use.
Abstract
(+/-)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a popular recreational drug that has been proposed to be useful as an adjunct to psychotherapy. Th...
Pharmacies as potential providers of harm reduction services: A preliminary online survey
Drug Science Policy and Law – January 01, 2018
Summary
A survey of 105 UK nationals revealed strong support for pharmacies as the primary vendor for psychoactive drugs like Cannabis, Psilocybin, and MDMA. Participants, particularly the 60 with university education, saw pharmacists, supported by family medicine and psychiatry, as ideal for harm reduction and medical access. Cannabis sales in pharmacies garnered a 7.0/10 support score. This suggests a shift towards treating recreational drug use and hallucinogens as a health issue, emphasizing medicine and professional oversight over unregulated markets.
Abstract
Background Recreational drug use is a major cause of disease, injury, physical and mental impairment and death in developed countries such as the U...
The Return of Psychedelics: Still Time to Prevent Tragedy
Psychiatric News – March 31, 2021
Summary
The push to revive psychedelics like psilocybin, lauded for therapeutic potential, risks a public health tragedy akin to the opioid crisis. Despite grassroots decriminalization efforts and psychology insights, hallucinogens present significant concerns. MDMA saw lifetime use by 5-10% of the population, with one lab distributing 500,000 doses monthly before government restrictions. Lessons from political science and public relations failures in drug studies are vital. Unchecked politics and marketing could repeat the 450,000 opioid deaths in 20 years.
Abstract
Back to table of contents Previous article Next article ViewpointsFull AccessThe Return of Psychedelics: Still Time to Prevent TragedyStanley N. Ca...
Does ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) induce subjective feelings of social connection in humans? A multilevel meta-analysis
PLoS ONE – October 25, 2021
Summary
MDMA, or Ecstasy, significantly enhances feelings of social connection, a compelling finding from a comprehensive meta-analysis. Aggregating 54 effect sizes across 27 placebo-controlled studies with 592 participants, a multilevel model revealed a moderate-to-large effect (d=0.86) on self-reported sociability. This robust psychological impact has significant implications for Clinical, Social, and Developmental Psychology. It also advances Psychedelics and Drug Studies, informing Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior, and broadening understanding across drug research, including Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a psychostimulant known for producing positive subjective effects and for enhancing social functioning ...
Glutathione and N-Acetylcysteine Conjugates of α-Methyldopamine Produce Serotonergic Neurotoxicity: Possible Role in Methylenedioxyamphetamine-Mediated Neurotoxicity
Chemical Research in Toxicology – November 19, 1999
Summary
Direct injection of MDMA or MDA into the brain does not replicate their known serotonergic neurotoxicity, which depends on a neurotoxic metabolite. In a study involving various doses, 2,5-bis(glutathion-S-yl)-alpha-methyldopamine significantly reduced serotonin (5-HT) levels in the striatum and cortex for up to seven days. Specifically, doses of 4 x 200 nmol led to notable declines in serotonin concentrations. This research highlights that certain metabolites selectively target serotonin nerve terminals without affecting dopamine or norepinephrine levels, underscoring their potential role in neurotoxicity.
Abstract
Direct injection of either 3,4-(+/-)-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or 3,4-(+/-)-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) into the brain fails to repr...
Associations between individual hallucinogens and hallucinogen misuse among U.S. Adults who recently initiated hallucinogen use.
Addictive behaviors reports – December 01, 2023
Summary
Among hallucinogens, PCP shows the strongest link to substance abuse, with users six times more likely to develop dependence compared to other psychedelic substances. Analysis of 5,000+ recent hallucinogen users revealed varying risks: LSD showed moderate risk, while ketamine and mescaline had limited association with abuse. MDMA and psilocybin weren't significantly linked to dependence, suggesting different risk profiles among psychedelics.
Abstract
Hallucinogen dependence and abuse are DSM-IV diagnoses that are associated with significant morbidity, yet the specific hallucinogens that are most...
Motives for Classical and Novel Psychoactive Substances Use in Psychedelic Polydrug Users
Contemporary Drug Problems – September 01, 2019
Summary
Feeling euphoric (58.0%), enhancing activities (52.3%), and broadening consciousness (48.1%) are key motives for using psychoactive substances. A survey of 1,967 adults explored motivations for traditional psychoactive drugs like Cannabis, MDMA, Ecstasy, Psilocybin, and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), alongside designer drugs and synthetic cannabinoids. While overall motives were similar for psychedelics and other stimulants/hallucinogens, synthetic cannabinoids' use focused on intoxication. Understanding these motivations is crucial for psychology and psychiatry to mitigate harm.
Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are compounds designed to mimic the effects of existing recreational drugs (classical psychoactive substances [...
Best practices for first psychedelic experiences: harm reduction advice from the psychedelic community
Figshare – January 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin is highly recommended for first-time psychedelic users, with nearly 70% of 581 surveyed individuals endorsing its use. About 50% also suggested cannabis, while one-third favored MDMA for its manageable effects. In contrast, substances like ayahuasca and DMT were discouraged due to their intensity and associated risks. Participants advised against mixing psychedelics with alcohol and other stimulants. Emphasizing harm reduction, the community-driven resource aims to educate newcomers on safe practices, fostering informed and responsible psychedelic experiences amidst increasing interest in their therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Abstract Background The use of psychedelics is currently increasing in the United States. Awareness of clinical trials investigating the therapeuti...
Therapeutic role of psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in trauma: A literature review
World Journal of Psychiatry – May 19, 2023
Summary
Psychedelics like MDMA and psilocybin are transforming psychiatry, showing promise for rapid improvement in conditions such as PTSD and depression. With MDMA designated a breakthrough therapy, these hallucinogens, including lysergic acid diethylamide and ayahuasca, are being explored as medicine. Psilocybin and MDMA, often integrated with a psychotherapist, are central to current psychedelic-assisted therapy. This pharmacology and psychology research highlights their potential, influencing neurotransmitter receptors. Chemical synthesis of these compounds is vital for drug studies.
Abstract
With the Food and Drug Administration designation in 2017 of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) as a breakthrough therapy in post-traumatic s...