1299 results for "MDMA"
Ginastera au bout de l'archet
OpenAlex – February 18, 2009
Summary
Psilocybin and MDMA profoundly reshape social decision-making, significantly reducing the rejection of unfair offers. In studies with 19 participants for psilocybin and 20 for MDMA, both compounds halved the odds of rejecting unfair proposals (odds ratios: 0.57 and 0.42). MDMA also boosted prosocial offers to others (Cohen's d = 0.82). These insights offer a new lens for the Humanities and Cultural Analysis, revealing how substances alter our social reward systems. This deepens our understanding of human connection, akin to empathy explored in Literature, the structure of Musicology and Musical Analysis, or the emotional depth of Art and Piano performance.
Abstract
Disruptions in social decision-making are becoming evident in many psychiatric conditions. These are studied using paradigms investigating the psyc...
Instability of the ecstasy market and a new kid on the block: mephedrone
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 08, 2010
Summary
The ecstasy market in the Netherlands has experienced significant instability, with MDMA levels in tablets dropping over 50% since 2009. A new substance, mephedrone, has emerged as a replacement, found in ecstasy tablets at concentrations between 96 and 155 mg. Among 70 regular users surveyed, most reported enjoyable effects from mephedrone, similar to amphetamines like MDMA. However, it also triggered strong cravings in many users. This shift raises health concerns regarding mephedrone's potential as a substitute for MDMA in recreational settings.
Abstract
Recently, several reports have indicated instability of the ecstasy market in the Netherlands and other EU countries. In the current study, we demo...
Neurophysin I: a reliable, novel, and robust biomarker for oxytocin.
European journal of endocrinology – March 27, 2025
Summary
A breakthrough in measuring the "love hormone" oxytocin reveals Neurophysin I as a reliable biomarker. Using MDMA as a stimulation test, researchers found that healthy people showed a 20-fold increase in this biomarker, while those with posterior pituitary dysfunction showed minimal response. This discovery offers a new diagnostic tool for oxytocin deficiency and could improve treatment for social and emotional disorders.
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT) deficiency is a recently identified novel psycho-neuroendocrine entity associated with anxiety and reduced prosocial behavior. Howev...
Comparison of poisoning deaths with wastewater-based consumption estimates and assessment of fatal toxicity for amphetamine-type stimulant drugs.
Drug testing and analysis – June 01, 2024
Summary
A striking correlation exists between drug consumption and fatalities for amphetamines, MDMA, and methamphetamine. Analyzing data from Finland across five years, researchers noted a rise in deaths linked to these stimulants, with methamphetamine showing the highest fatal toxicity at 50 deaths per million doses. MDMA and amphetamine followed at 10 and 5 deaths per million doses, respectively. This innovative approach using wastewater-based epidemiology offers valuable insights into the dangers of these substances, comparable to many prescription opioids and antidepressants.
Abstract
Among several established indicators that are used to monitor the illicit drug scene, drug-related deaths and wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) s...
Psychedelics for Psychiatric Disorders: More Research Needed
Psychiatric News – April 13, 2020
Summary
Breakthrough status from the FDA highlights the medical potential of psychedelics like psilocybin for depression and MDMA for PTSD. These hallucinogens, including Lysergic acid diethylamide and Ayahuasca, are transforming Psychiatry and Psychology. Placebo-controlled trials show psilocybin's efficacy for depression and MDMA's for PTSD. However, Drug Studies on these four agents are hampered by Schedule I classification and limited federal funding, despite strong evidence suggesting their role in future Medicine. Standardized protocols are crucial for advancing this promising field.
Abstract
Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Clinical & ResearchFull AccessPsychedelics for Psychiatric Disorders: More Research NeededN...
In vivo and in vitro metabolism of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)methamphetamine in the rat: identification of metabolites using an ion trap detector
Chemical Research in Toxicology – November 01, 1988
Summary
Four distinct biotransformation pathways of MDMA were identified in rats, revealing a complex metabolism involving N-demethylation and O-glucuronidation. Notably, metabolites like 3-hydroxy-4-methoxymethamphetamine and MDA appeared consistently in urine, with hydroxylated forms excreted primarily as conjugates. In brain and liver samples, N-demethyl and 3-O-methyl phenolic amine metabolites were prevalent. The study involved various sample analyses, including 10,000g rat liver and brain supernatants, highlighting the intricate chemistry of MDMA's metabolic processes and its implications for forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Four biotransformation pathways of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)methamphetamine (MDMA) in the rat have been identified: N-demethylation, O-dealkylation, dea...
B-302 Psychedelics and Dissociative Anesthetics: Concentrations in Suspected Impaired Driving Investigations, 2024
Clinical Chemistry – October 01, 2025
Summary
In 2024, psychedelic and dissociative drugs were detected in 328 suspected driving under the influence cases. Notably, phencyclidine (PCP) was found in 220 instances, while MDMA appeared in 81 cases. Ketamine, LSD, and psilocin were also present but in fewer samples (22, 2, and 5 respectively). Concentrations varied widely: ketamine averaged 272 ng/mL, MDMA 124 ng/mL, and PCP 50 ng/mL. These findings highlight the significant risks associated with impaired cognitive and motor functions when using these substances, particularly for activities like driving.
Abstract
Abstract Background Psychedelic and dissociative drugs, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (...
Ecstasy and Drug Consumption Patterns: A Canadian Rave Population Study
The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry – August 01, 2002
Summary
Among 210 Montreal rave attendees, a consistent drug experimentation sequence emerged: alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, then Hallucinogens like LSD and Psilocybin. Early alcohol or cannabis use was associated with trying other drugs for over 25% of the Population. MDMA (Ecstasy) and Amphetamine were highly prevalent, while Heroin use was notably absent. This data provides vital insights for Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, informing Psychiatry and Medicine, and contributing to Psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, and Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
Objective: This study investigates the drug consumption patterns of a sample of rave attendees in the city of Montreal, Quebec, and seeks to identi...
Rapid and prolonged antidepressant and antianxiety effects of psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, ayahuasca, and 3, 4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
OpenAlex – June 20, 2024
Summary
A compelling meta-analysis in Psychedelics and Drug Studies reveals significant potential for mental health medicine. Psilocybin rapidly and sustainably reduced depressive and anxiety symptoms. A methylenedioxy compound like MDMA, related to methamphetamine, also demonstrated antidepressant effects, particularly for social anxiety. Ayahuasca and LSD similarly reduced depressive and anxiety symptoms, influencing behavior via neurotransmitter receptor interactions. While promising in psychology, the complex pharmacology of these substances means adverse effects like elevated blood pressure and panic attacks were noted.
Abstract
Abstract Background Hallucinogens attract research as alternatives to the commonly used medications to treat major depressive and anxiety disorders...
Enzymic and chemical demethylenation of (methylenedioxy)amphetamine and (methylenedioxy)methamphetamine by rat brain microsomes
Chemical Research in Toxicology – May 01, 1992
Summary
The metabolism of methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) reveals significant insights into their breakdown in rat brain microsomes. Specifically, 2.6 times more catechol was produced using phosphate buffer compared to HEPES buffer. The study identified dihydroxyamphetamine (DHA) and dihydroxymethamphetamine (DHMA) as metabolic products, with cytochrome P450 playing a crucial role in their formation. Notably, the demethylenation process showed no significant stereoselectivity and involved multiple isozymes, highlighting complex interactions in pharmacology and biochemistry relevant for forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
The metabolism of (methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA) and (methylenedioxy)methamphetamine (MDMA) was examined in microsomal preparations from rat bra...
A Case of Mao Inhibitor/MDMA Interaction: Agony After Ecstasy
Journal of Toxicology Clinical Toxicology – January 01, 1987
Summary
A 50-year-old male experienced severe hypertension and altered mental status after taking MDMA alongside the MAO inhibitor phenelzine. Symptoms lasted 5-6 hours, highlighting a dangerous interaction previously unreported with MDMA. This combination can lead to excessive release of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and serotonin, potentially resulting in hypertensive crises and hyperthermia. Such cases underscore the significant toxicity MDMA poses for individuals on MAO inhibitors, emphasizing the need for caution when combining these substances in medical or recreational settings.
Abstract
After ingesting 3,4-methylene-dioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) and the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor phenelzine, a 50 year old male developed marke...
Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
ACS Chemical Neuroscience – July 12, 2018
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, uniquely influences behavior, producing prosocial effects that differentiate it from traditional hallucinogens like LSD and mescaline. With its structural similarities to amphetamines, MDMA's appeal spans recreational users and professionals alike. This compound is pivotal in psychedelic science, potentially shaping future research directions. Its synthesis, pharmacology, and adverse effects are critical areas of exploration, with implications for both therapeutic applications and the broader understanding of psychedelics. As of now, MDMA stands at a crossroads for future advancements in psychology and pharmacology.
Abstract
Better known as "ecstasy", 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a small molecule that has played a prominent role in defining the ethos of t...
A Systematic Review of the Neurocognitive Effects of Psychedelics in Healthy Populations: Implications for Depressive Disorders and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Brain Sciences – March 03, 2024
Summary
MDMA uniquely improved psychomotor learning in healthy individuals, contrasting with other hallucinogens' generally neutral or detrimental acute neurocognitive effects. This review of 43 papers on Psychedelics and Drug Studies, covering substances like psilocybin, cannabis, and LSD—but no mescaline—examined cognition. Only one MDMA study addressed clinical psychology for PTSD; none focused on major depressive disorder. Varied chemical synthesis and alkaloids likely explain diverse neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. Small samples and non-uniform neuropsychological test methods limit definitive conclusions for psychiatry.
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to provide an overview of pharmacological trials that examine the neurocognitive effects of psychedelics among healthy i...
Psychedelics, entactogens and psychoplastogens for depression and related disorders
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 15, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics are revolutionizing Psychiatry. Psilocybin and MDMA, powerful hallucinogens, show promise as rapid antidepressants and anxiolytics in Psychology and Neuroscience. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlight their ability to target monoamine neurotransmitter systems, specifically 5-HT2A receptors, influencing behavior. They correct neural network defects in Major depressive disorder and Anxiety, linked to altered brain tryptophan metabolism. Psilocybin received FDA breakthrough status for depression, while MDMA for PTSD was recently rejected. This offers new hope for severe mental health conditions.
Abstract
Currently, the most actively investigated rapidly acting antidepressants, anxiolytics and/or anti PTSD agents, include psychedelics e.g. psilocybin...
The substituted amphetamines 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methamphetamine, p-chloroamphetamine and fenfluramine induce 5-hydroxytryptamine release via a common mechanism blocked by fluoxetine and cocaine
European Journal of Pharmacology – May 01, 1992
Summary
Fenfluramine and p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) are remarkably effective at inducing serotonin release, surpassing MDMA and methamphetamine in potency. In a microassay with various substituted amphetamines, PCA and fenfluramine showed similar release capabilities, while MDMA was notably less potent. Notably, combining drugs did not enhance serotonin release beyond individual effects. Additionally, fluoxetine and cocaine inhibited this release equally across all tested amphetamines. These findings suggest a shared mechanism for serotonin release among these drugs, differing from the uptake blockade seen with fluoxetine and cocaine.
Abstract
The abilities of the substituted amphetamines 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine, p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) and fenfluramine...
Club drugs: methylenedioxymethamphetamine, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate
American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy – June 01, 2002
Summary
The rising abuse of club drugs, including MDMA, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and GHB, is alarming, particularly among youth at dance parties. For instance, MDMA enhances neurotransmitter release, leading to euphoria and increased energy but can cause serious effects like hyperthermia and arrhythmias. Flunitrazepam may lead to loss of consciousness, while ketamine can result in confusion and cardiovascular issues. GHB poses severe risks, including seizures and coma. With these substances increasingly linked to sexual assault, healthcare professionals must be vigilant in managing potential intoxication cases.
Abstract
The abuse of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is discussed. Club drugs ...
Magic of the Mushrooms: Effects of Psilocybin Decriminalization
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – July 10, 2024
Summary
Decriminalization of psilocybin, a therapeutic hallucinogen, profoundly shifts public interest. Analysis of extensive web-based search data reveals a marked increase in psilocybin inquiries, alongside a notable reduction for other psychedelics like LSD and MDMA. This nationwide trend suggests a significant public health benefit, as individuals gravitate towards psilocybin, considered the safest option. This finding contributes to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, reflecting policy's impact on Medicine and Pharmacology, and its potential in Psychology for mental health.
Abstract
In the past few years, psilocybin, a psychedelic compound found in "magic mushrooms" (psilocybin mushrooms), has undergone decriminalization in num...
Evaluation of spectroscopic techniques for on-site drug testing of festival seizures.
Drug testing and analysis – June 01, 2025
Summary
On-site drug testing at festivals revealed MDMA doses varying from 52mg to 336mg per tablet, highlighting the critical need for rapid identification methods. Advanced infrared and Raman spectroscopy techniques were evaluated for testing drug seizures, with over 160 samples analyzed through packaging. While Raman excelled at powder testing, infrared proved more reliable overall, achieving 95% accuracy. Combined use of both methods offers optimal results for rapid, accurate drug identification.
Abstract
Despite the fact that drugs of abuse are illegal, a drug-free festival still remains an utopia in most settings. For law enforcement purposes, it i...
Using the pharmacy retail model to examine perceptions and biases of a UK population sample towards regulation of specific psychoactive drugs
Drug Science Policy and Law – January 01, 2019
Summary
Public perception of drug harm dramatically misaligns with scientific consensus, impacting medicine and harm reduction. A survey of 105 UK nationals found they perceive tobacco as most harmful and cannabis least, while Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis indicates alcohol is most harmful and psilocybin least. This psychology influences legal classifications, hindering pharmacy sales for substances like MDMA and Psilocybin, despite their therapeutic potential in psychiatry. Population objections often stem from moral discomfort, not data from Psychedelics and Drug Studies or Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
Background: Contemporary research indicates that the legal classifications of cannabis (Schedule 2, Class B), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MD...
Perspectives on Trauma Treatment, Self-Management Strategies, and Attitudes Toward Psychedelic Therapies in Individuals with Psychological Trauma Symptoms
Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology – August 14, 2025
Summary
A striking 81% of individuals with psychological trauma expressed willingness to try MDMA therapy, and 83% for psilocybin therapy. An online survey of 873 respondents, 73.4% diagnosed with PTSD/CPTSD, revealed high dissatisfaction with traditional psychotherapist-led clinical psychology treatments and medicine. Many self-managed symptoms with psychedelics, underscoring the growing relevance of drug studies. Understanding these compounds, from their chemical synthesis to their neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, is crucial for developing new psychological trauma interventions.
Abstract
Background: Current trauma treatment options often fail to meet patients' needs. Despite the availability of established interventions, many trauma...
Efficacy and Safety of Psychedelics in Mental Disorder Cases: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials
Journal of Clinical Medicine – December 29, 2025
Summary
MDMA dramatically reduces PTSD symptoms, showing a Hedges’ g of 1.24, often after only 2–3 sessions. Psilocybin similarly offers a large effect (Hedges’ g ≈ 1.05) for major depressive disorder, with benefits sustained for six months. This umbrella review, synthesizing 23 meta-analyses from clinical psychology, highlights the potential of these hallucinogens in Medicine and Psychiatry. LSD also showed short-term benefits for alcohol use disorder. While adverse effects were mild, rigorous randomized controlled trials are crucial to confirm long-term safety and efficacy for these promising psychedelics.
Abstract
Background: Psychedelic-assisted therapy is gaining renewed attention as a potential treatment for various mental disorders. Despite increasing num...
Psychotomimetic effects of PCP, LSD, and Ecstasy: pharmacological models of schizophrenia?
Cambridge University Press eBooks – February 04, 2010
Summary
PCP and ketamine have been shown to induce psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations and delusions, even in healthy individuals. In studies involving rodent and primate models, PCP demonstrated significant behavior alterations and cognitive deficits, mirroring human schizophrenia with a 75% correlation in psychotomimetic effects. Unlike PCP, LSD and MDMA do not appear to induce psychosis in those without prior vulnerability. Understanding the role of glutamatergic and serotonergic systems is crucial for developing effective treatments in psychiatry and pharmacology related to schizophrenia.
Abstract
Facts box Phencyclidine (PCP), ketamine, D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and 3, 4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) have been variously refe...
Diversity of Psychopathology Associated with use of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘Ecstasy’)
The British Journal of Psychiatry – September 01, 1994
Summary
Ecstasy use may lead to significant psychiatric issues, with 62% of a studied group (n = 13) experiencing psychotic symptoms. Among these, 61.5% presented with hallucinations or visual distortions. In contrast, a control group of substance-naïve patients (n = 40) exhibited similar psychopathology, suggesting that the effects of MDMA on neurotransmitter receptors might mimic those seen in schizophrenia. This highlights the need for greater awareness of the diverse mental health impacts associated with illicit drug use, particularly in forensic and treatment contexts.
Abstract
Background 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘Ecstasy’) has become one of the most widely used illicit substances in the UK. Little is kno...
Effects of Intracerebroventricular Administration of 5-(Glutathion-S-yl)-α-methyldopamine on Brain Dopamine, Serotonin, and Norepinephrine Concentrations in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Chemical Research in Toxicology – January 01, 1996
Summary
A striking finding reveals that a metabolite of MDMA, 5-(glutathion-S-yl)-alpha-methyldopamine, induces hyperactivity and aggressive behavior in male Sprague-Dawley rats, mirroring effects seen with MDA. Administering 720 nmol led to acute shifts in dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems. While this metabolite boosted dopamine synthesis, it did not lead to long-term serotonergic toxicity after a single dose. The study suggests that while immediate dopamine turnover is crucial for future serotonin depletion, it alone cannot trigger lasting neurotoxic effects.
Abstract
alpha-Methyldopamine (alpha-MeDA) is a metabolite of the serotonergic neurotoxicants 3,4-(+/-)-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-(+/-)-(met...
Lasting Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of (??)Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (???Ecstasy???) in Recreational Users
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology – October 01, 1991
Summary
Prolonged neuropsychiatric syndromes were observed in two individuals after ingesting large doses of MDMA, a popular recreational amphetamine analog. These cases highlight that MDMA, while often associated with euphoric effects, may lead to significant and lasting adverse consequences, particularly for those already vulnerable. Given that MDMA is known to be neurotoxic to serotonin neurons in animal studies, these findings raise concerns about its impact on human health, suggesting potential risks of serious psychological effects following high doses.
Abstract
Two persons are described who demonstrated prolonged neuropsychiatric syndromes after the ingestion of large doses of (+-)-3,4-methylenedioxymetham...
Psychedelic-assisted therapy: An overview for the internist
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine – March 01, 2025
Summary
Compelling preliminary evidence suggests psychedelic-assisted therapy, influencing neurotransmitter receptor activity, holds promise for conditions like depression and PTSD. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies, involving compounds like MDMA and psilocybin, have earned breakthrough therapy designations. However, in August 2024, MDMA's approval was declined, requiring another phase 3 trial for its reintroduction into medicine. This rigorous process highlights the careful evaluation. Clinicians, including specialists in intensive care medicine, should prepare for these therapies' potential return.
Abstract
Preliminary evidence suggests that psychedelic-assisted therapy-the enhancement of psychotherapy with psychedelics such as 3,4-methylenedioxymetham...
The Australia story: Current status and future challenges for the clinical applications of psychedelics
British Journal of Pharmacology – December 19, 2024
Summary
Australia has pioneered a new era in mental health medicine, approving psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression and MDMA for PTSD from July 1, 2023. This landmark decision follows extensive psychedelic drug studies, revealing these compounds' potential. Authorized psychiatrists can now prescribe these substances, offering alternative medicine for millions facing unmet mental health needs. Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, and MDMA represent a shift in psychiatry, reflecting diverse academic research themes, including insights from chemical synthesis and alkaloids. This move could influence global approaches to depression and other conditions.
Abstract
Abstract The past decade has seen a huge increase in clinical research with psychedelic drugs and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), which h...
Expert recommendations for Germany’s integration of psychedelic-assisted therapy
BMC Medical Education – October 24, 2024
Summary
Australia has already approved MDMA and psilocybin for mental health, highlighting Europe's urgent need to advance medical education in psychedelic-assisted therapy. With USA trials in Phase III, Germany is poised to lead Europe in developing robust frameworks for integrating innovative Psychedelics and Drug Studies into Medicine. This includes defining ethical Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications, practitioner training, and regulatory oversight. Such infrastructure development aims to ensure proficient care, potentially reclaiming Europe's historical lead in Psychology and psychiatric innovation, as seen with Switzerland's 2014 reintroduction of MDMA and LSD for restricted medical use.
Abstract
As clinical trials for psychedelics move into phase III in the USA, Europe must address its lag in integrating professional education around psyche...
Psychedelic research at a crossroads
Science – September 19, 2024
Summary
Mental health conditions affect one in every eight people globally, driving urgent innovation in medicine. Psychedelics, hallucinogens like psilocybin and MDMA, are being explored in clinical trials combining chemical synthesis compounds with psychotherapy. While promising for conditions like depression, the Food and Drug Administration recently rejected MDMA therapy, highlighting significant safety and data integrity concerns. This crossroads in Psychiatry and Psychology demands rigorous evidence for these potential treatments, ensuring psychotherapists can offer effective mental health solutions. The field of Psychedelics and Drug Studies must address these challenges to advance.
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop better treatments for mental health conditions that affect one in every eight people in the world. To combat thi...
Tusi but not 2C: A Miami-Dade medical examiner case series highlighting the variable drug composition in colored powder paraphernalia.
Journal of forensic sciences – May 01, 2025
Summary
Pink cocaine, known as "tusi" on the streets, isn't what many assume. Miami-Dade forensic toxicology reports reveal these colorful powders consistently contain ketamine and MDMA, but surprisingly never 2C-B, the compound they're thought to mimic. Analysis of postmortem cases shows these mixtures often include various stimulants and medications, highlighting dangerous unpredictability in their composition.
Abstract
Eight fatalities between September 2020 and July 2024 in Miami-Dade County involving the ingestion of colored powders, referred to as "tusi," "tuci...
Ecstasy-Induced Rhabdomyolysis Leading to Severe Acute Kidney Injury Requiring Temporary Hemodialysis: A High Risk for Recurrence With Repeated Exposure.
Cureus – July 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA (ecstasy) can trigger severe muscle breakdown and kidney failure in susceptible individuals. A notable case revealed how repeated ecstasy use led to dangerous muscle tissue breakdown (rhabdomyolysis) and acute kidney injury both times the drug was taken. The patient required emergency hemodialysis treatment on both occasions, highlighting how some people face higher risks with each exposure to this party drug.
Abstract
Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethyl-amphetamine, MDMA) is an illicit drug that has found widespread use. It is mostly used by adolescents and young a...
The variability of ecstasy tablets composition in Brazil.
Journal of forensic sciences – January 01, 2015
Summary
Many "ecstasy" tablets seized in Brazil contain no MDMA at all. Forensic science experts conducted chemical profiling on 150 samples, utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to uncover their true makeup. They found MDMA in less than half, with a surprising array of designer drugs and other active substances frequently taking its place. This crucial work reveals a significant shift in illicit markets, where diverse compounds are sold as ecstasy, providing vital insights into evolving drug composition.
Abstract
The content of ecstasy tablets has been changing over the years, and nowadays 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is not always present in the...
Quantitative natural language processing markers of psychoactive drug effects: A pre-registered systematic review
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 16, 2025
Summary
A fascinating finding in Drug Studies reveals that all psychoactive drugs, from stimulants to Psychedelics, alter language production. New Psychology research, applying automated language analysis, objectively identifies short-term effects. For instance, based on two or more studies per substance, stimulants increase verbosity, while MDMA increases closeness to emotional words. Psilocybin enhances positive sentiment, suggesting potential for Medicine and Treatment of Major Depression. One study even validated identifying MDMA intoxication. This objective approach, examining how diverse chemical synthesis and alkaloids impact the mind, moves beyond subjective accounts.
Abstract
Psychoactive substances used for recreational purposes have mind-altering effects, but systematic evaluation of these effects is largely limited to...
Defining ‘psychedelic’
OpenAlex – December 04, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin uniquely delivers 'soul-illumination,' characterized by visions and psychological insight, confirming its place as the quintessential psychedelic drug. Over 200 individuals described their experiences with psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA. Analyzing these accounts revealed 3-4 distinct dimensions of subjective experience. A predictive model accurately identified which drug an individual had taken based solely on these effects. While ketamine primarily induces dissociation and MDMA fosters pro-social feelings and love, psilocybin stands apart for its profound capacity to manifest visions and deep psychological understanding.
Abstract
Humphry Osmond coined the term ‘psychedelic’ in 1956, conjoining ‘psyche’ for ‘soul’ and ‘delic’ from ‘dêlos’ for ‘to manifest’ or ‘illuminate.’ So...
Psychedelics as a Therapeutic Opportunity or Threat: A Narrative Review.
Cureus – December 01, 2025
Summary
Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, utilizing substances like MDMA and psilocybin, shows substantial promise for treating severe mental health conditions. Psilocybin rapidly and sustainably reduces symptoms of major depressive disorder, even in treatment-resistant cases. MDMA, combined with therapy, offers significant potential for PTSD. While these psychedelics can facilitate profound changes in cognitive and emotional patterns, careful patient selection and strict "set and setting" are crucial. Risks include adverse reactions, such as hppd, and drug interactions, underscoring the need for controlled use.
Abstract
Classic psychedelics and related substances, such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), have again become a focus of interest in psychiatry ...
Effects of certain hallucinogenic amphetamine analogs on the release of [3H]-serotonin from rat brain synaptosomes
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – May 01, 1982
Summary
The (+) isomer of MDMA significantly outperformed its (-) counterpart in inducing serotonin release, with a notable effect observed at 1 micrometer concentration. All amphetamine isomers effectively released serotonin at concentrations of 1 and 10 micrometers, while remaining inactive at 0.1 micrometers. No differences in potency were detected at the higher concentration of 10 micrometers. In contrast, alpha, alpha-dimethyl derivatives showed no serotonin release effects, highlighting the unique biological activity linked to MDMA's specific isomer.
Abstract
The enantiomers of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA), p-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), and N-Me-MDA (MDMA), along with their alpha, alpha-dimethylat...
Cytochrome P450 2D6.1 and cytochrome P450 2D6.10 differ in catalytic activity for multiple substrates
Pharmacogenetics – August 01, 2001
Summary
Individuals with the CYP2D6*10 allele, which affects drug metabolism, may need adjusted medication doses. About 75% of Asians carry this variant, leading to significant differences in how drugs are processed. For instance, when comparing intrinsic clearance ratios using dextromethorphan and MDMA, CYP2D6.10 showed a 123-fold difference in clearance for MDMA versus the wild-type CYP2D6.1. This variant also demonstrated altered susceptibility to inhibitors like fluoxetine and paroxetine, suggesting potential risks for toxicity and drug dependence in those with the *10 allele compared to *1.
Abstract
CYP2D6 is involved in the metabolism of several classes of drugs, including tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and ...
The association between study design and antidepressant effects in psychedelic-assisted therapy: A meta-analysis.
Journal of affective disorders – January 15, 2025
Summary
Psychedelic therapy shows varying effectiveness against depression depending on how studies are designed. A comprehensive meta-analysis reveals that psilocybin and MDMA treatments demonstrate stronger positive results in trials using non-active placebos. However, when compared to active placebos, the benefits become less pronounced. Study design choices significantly influence how effective psychedelic treatments appear to be.
Abstract
Different study designs of psychedelic trials may impact the blinding and expectance, leading to biased treatment effects. This study aimed to exam...
Trips Through the Skin: Reviewing Cutaneous Drug Reactions to Psychedelics and Hallucinogens
Dermatitis – April 18, 2024
Summary
Despite growing interest in hallucinogen and psychedelic substances for Medicine, their dermatologic side effects are poorly characterized. A review of 22 Psychedelics and Drug Studies on 40 patients revealed diverse dermatologic issues. Psilocybin, for instance, caused vesicular eruptions in four patients. Cannabis-related reactions included type I hypersensitivity in 21 cases. Other findings detailed acneiform eruptions from MDMA and ketamine hypersensitivity. Characterizing these dermatologic impacts is vital for patient care.
Abstract
Although psychedelic and hallucinogenic substances have gained popularity for therapeutic use, their dermatologic adverse effects are poorly charac...
Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians-Historical Perspective and Overview.
American journal of therapeutics
Summary
Psychedelic medicines are reemerging as powerful tools for mental health treatment, with breakthrough results in treating depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Recent clinical trials show promising outcomes, particularly with MDMA for PTSD and psilocybin for depression. While remission rates match traditional antidepressants, these treatments offer new hope for those who haven't responded to conventional methods.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs have recently emerged as plausibly effective pharmacological agents for the management of depression, anxiety, and other neuropsy...
Classification of psychedelics and psychoactive drugs based on brain-wide imaging of cellular c-Fos expression
Nature Communications – February 12, 2025
Summary
A novel neuroscience approach accurately classifies psychoactive drugs, showing promise for future medicine. Using advanced microscopy and machine learning, a pharmacology pipeline identified distinct drug signatures in brain tissue. This method achieved 67% accuracy in distinguishing compounds like the hallucinogens Psilocybin, Ketamine, and MDMA, alongside Fluoxetine. Psilocybin was discriminated from other drugs with over 95% accuracy. Such precise drug studies advance our understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, critical for developing new treatments for brain disorders.
Abstract
Psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA are psychoactive compounds that exert behavioral effects with distinguishable but also overlapping features. The gro...
Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians – Part I. Historical Perspective and Overview
OpenAlex – December 26, 2023
Summary
MDMA shows striking promise, proving superior to existing treatments for PTSD in two completed Phase III clinical trials. This marks a new frontier in Psychiatry and Medicine. While a Psilocybin clinical trial is underway, larger studies (over 100 participants) suggest it may not surpass current antidepressants for depression. The pharmacology of various psychedelics, including Lysergic acid diethylamide and other hallucinogens, derived from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, offers significant hope for anxiety, influencing behavior via neurotransmitter receptors.
Abstract
Background: Psychedelic drugs have recently emerged as plausibly effective pharmacological agents for the management of depression, anxiety, and ot...
Polydrug Use Typologies of Regular Ecstasy Users Visiting Electronic Dance Music Events: A Latent Class Analysis.
European addiction research – January 01, 2024
Summary
A striking 52% of young adults in the Netherlands who use ecstasy engage in stimulant and ketamine polydrug use, compared to 48% in the UK. An analysis of 2,255 respondents aged 18-34 from both countries revealed three distinct polydrug use patterns: traditional (28% UK, 40% NL), stimulant and ketamine (48% UK, 52% NL), and extensive (24% UK, 8% NL). Despite varying preferences for MDMA forms—powder in the UK and tablets in NL—most participants expressed a desire to reduce their substance use while maintaining some level of consumption.
Abstract
Polydrug use patterns among young adults using ecstasy vary, as well as their willingness to change them. Polydrug use patterns are likely associat...
Minorities’ Diminished Psychedelic Returns: Gender, Perceived Stigma, and Distress
Psychoactives – June 02, 2024
Summary
Contrary to some expectations, a large-scale analysis of 458,372 individuals suggests certain psychedelics may not alleviate perceptions of internalized stigma, especially for women experiencing psychological distress. While some drug studies showed ayahuasca (men) and DMT (women) linked to reduced stigma when distress was high, MDMA and psilocybin use was associated with *heightened* stigma alongside increased distress. This complex finding challenges simple assumptions about psychedelics' broad psychological benefits, highlighting varied impacts on social and clinical psychology outcomes related to distress and stigma.
Abstract
Because psychedelics have been found to increase psychological traits like openness, mental flexibility, and interpersonal perceptiveness, some res...
Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians—Historical Perspective and Overview
American Journal of Therapeutics – March 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA, a synthetic drug, demonstrates superiority over existing treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder in two completed Phase III clinical trials. This highlights the growing potential of psychedelics as medicine in psychiatry. While psilocybin, a naturally occurring hallucinogen, shows a 25-29% depression remission rate in larger trials (100+ participants)—comparable to standard antidepressants at 30%—other compounds like lysergic acid diethylamide and the dissociative Esketamine are also being explored. Understanding their pharmacology and potential adverse effects is crucial as these drug studies advance.
Abstract
Background: Psychedelic drugs have recently emerged as plausibly effective pharmacological agents for the management of depression, anxiety, and ot...
The Potential Therapeutic Benefits and Safety of Psychedelics in the Treatment of Mental Health Conditions: A Systematic Review
Journal of Sociology Psychology & Religious Studies – November 06, 2023
Summary
Emerging evidence strongly suggests psychedelics could revolutionize mental health treatment. A review of 17 articles highlights that hallucinogens like Psilocybin, MDMA, and Lysergic acid diethylamide significantly alleviate anxiety, depression, and PTSD in psychiatry. These compounds elevate mood and improve social cognition, opening new avenues in medicine. While some adverse effects, such as insomnia, were noted, the overall therapeutic benefits for psychological well-being are substantial, guided by a rigorous checklist in clinical psychology and drug studies.
Abstract
Mental illnesses pose social, economic, and health burdens worldwide. The increasing health burden and mental diseases pose the need for investigat...
Pattern of psychedelic substance use: a comparison between populations in Spain and South America using the Psychedelic Use Scale (PUS)
Current Psychology – November 21, 2024
Summary
MDMA use is strikingly higher in Spain (78.5%) than in Spanish-speaking South America (37.1%), revealing distinct cultural patterns in psychoactive substance use. A survey of 735 individuals using a specialized scale confirmed Psilocybin as the most consumed hallucinogen overall. Conversely, Mescaline was more common in South America (31.9% vs. 24.0%). Individuals under 30 faced double the risk (OR=2.01) of adverse effects from substance use, highlighting important demography in clinical psychology relevant to psychedelics.
Abstract
Abstract Psychedelic use has increased in the last decade. However, it is unclear whether the cultural background of the consumers exerts any influ...
Rise of the Mushrooms: Effects of Psilocybin Reforms on Psychedelic Usage Patterns
Journal of Public Policy & Marketing – July 16, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin reforms are significantly altering how individuals use hallucinogens. Analysis of extensive drug use panel data from the University of Michigan's Monitoring the Future project reveals a clear substitution: as access to psilocybin, a natural alkaloid, increases, use of LSD and MDMA declines. This trend, critical for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and public psychology, suggests health benefits due to psilocybin's lower risks. However, the burgeoning business and marketing interest, fueled by venture capital, demands careful advertising and consumer safety considerations within this emerging drug market.
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between psilocybin reforms and usage patterns of prevalent psychedelics in the United States. Given decriminal...
The Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology of 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐ethyl‐amphetamine (MDEA)
CNS Drug Reviews – June 01, 2004
Summary
"Ecstasy" no longer refers solely to MDMA; it broadly describes a group of four chemically similar methylenedioxy amphetamines, including MDEA ("eve"). This shift in pharmacology and chemistry is crucial for understanding these psychedelics, which influence neurotransmitter receptors to evoke psychomotor stimulation and altered perception. Forensic toxicology confirms MDEA in fatalities, underscoring its risks. Accurately differentiating individual amphetamines in drug analysis is vital, especially since many "Ecstasy" pills contain mixtures. Animal studies explore MDEA's neurotoxicity, but human risks are complex due to varied consumption patterns.
Abstract
ABSTRACT This paper reviews the pharmacology and toxicology of 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐ethyl‐amphetamine (MDEA, “eve”). MDEA is a ring‐substituted amp...
The Effects of Serotonergic Psychedelics on Neural Activity: A Meta-Analysis of Task-Based Functional Neuroimaging Studies
European Psychiatry – March 01, 2023
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin and MDMA profoundly alter brain activity. A meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, a key neuroimaging tool in Neuroscience, reveals that serotonergic hallucinogens significantly impact neural activation across the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. This work advances functional neuroimaging understanding, particularly regarding neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. Essential for Psychology and Psychiatry, these insights inform future Psychedelics and Drug Studies, with implications for therapeutic applications and Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis.
Abstract
Introduction Curiosity toward the effects of psychedelic drugs on neural activation has increased due to their potential therapeutic benefits, part...