5439 results for "Psychedelics"
Apie aukštesnės realybės fenomenologiją
Problemos – April 25, 2023
Summary
Some profound experiences, like near-death or mystical states, can feel 'more real' than everyday life. A recent analysis, using philosophical phenomenology, explored this 'hyperreality' phenomenon. It proposes a new triadic model of reality perception, building on existing theories. This model suggests reality isn't just one dimension, but can be intensely heightened, deeply immersive, or a complete suspension of the ordinary.
Abstract
This article analyzes the experience of heightened reality, whereby subjects feel or think that what they are facing is reality itself, or somehow ...
Ketamine and sleep modulate neural complexity dynamics in cats
bioRxiv Preprint Server – June 25, 2021
Summary
Brain signal complexity dramatically shifts with consciousness. Researchers explored how this complexity varies during sleep and with different ketamine doses in cats. Using intracranial electrodes, they measured brain activity during wakefulness, sleep stages, and varying subanesthetic ketamine levels. Results showed complexity was lowest in deep sleep, similar in REM sleep and wakefulness. Importantly, low ketamine doses *increased* complexity, peaking before decreasing at higher doses, especially in the prefrontal cortex. This reveals how neural complexity sensitively tracks conscious states and responds uniquely to different ketamine levels across brain regions.
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that level of consciousness can be captured by neural informational complexity: for instance, complexity, as measured ...
Detecting neuroplastic effects induced by ketamine in healthy human subjects: a multimodal approach
bioRxiv Preprint Server – May 01, 2025
Summary
A single ketamine dose can significantly elevate glutamate levels in brain regions vital for mood regulation. Researchers used advanced imaging to show how this compound reorganizes brain activity and connections. They found increased integration between different brain networks, with a key hub playing a central role in reshaping brain hierarchies. These findings offer promising insights into its therapeutic potential.
Abstract
We investigated ketamine’s neuroplastic effects in healthy human subjects using integrated Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/Magnetic Resonance Im...
Decreased mental time travel to the past correlates with default-mode network disintegration under lysergic acid diethylamide
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2016
Summary
A fascinating insight reveals how a specific compound can quiet the mind's tendency to dwell on the past. Volunteers received the compound or placebo in a controlled setting. Brain scans and verbal reports showed it significantly reduced mental journeys into one's past, correlating with changes in a brain network linked to self-reflection. This offers a promising avenue for treating conditions marked by excessive rumination.
Abstract
This paper reports on the effects of LSD on mental time travel during spontaneous mentation. Twenty healthy volunteers participated in a placebo-co...
Looking for the Self: Phenomenology, Neurophysiology and Philosophical Significance of Drug-induced Ego Dissolution
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience – May 23, 2017
Summary
High doses of hallucinogens strikingly dissolve the sense of self, a phenomenon, drug-induced ego dissolution. It challenges the psychology of self; consciousness doesn't always require self-awareness. Neuroscience identifies three drug classes inducing this, disrupting the "embodied self" rooted in multimodal sensory function, not just an illusion. Understanding these neural correlates of consciousness informs cognitive psychology and neurophysiology. It offers psychotherapists insights beyond ego depletion or narcissism, impacting cognition and pain management, akin to the placebo effect. This deep dive into the ego provides a unique lens for phenomenology.
Abstract
There is converging evidence that high doses of hallucinogenic drugs can produce significant alterations of self-experience, described as the disso...
The Evolution of Do-It-Yourself Brain Hacking: From Fringe to Frontier.
Cureus – June 01, 2025
Summary
Remarkably, self-directed brain hacking, once niche, now influences mainstream healthcare. This biohacking evolution, driven by a desire for cognitive optimization, saw early users explore nootropics, microdosing, and transcranial stimulation. Such personal neuroenhancement efforts, leveraging neurotechnology, have inspired regulated digital therapeutics. As programmable cognition becomes a reality, medical stewardship is vital for safe and effective advancements.
Abstract
Do-it-yourself (DIY) brain hacking has evolved from fringe experimentation to a cultural and clinical phenomenon reshaping how individuals interact...
Behavioural and pharmacological evaluation of the psilocybin analogue baeocystin in Wistar rats.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – July 05, 2025
Summary
Though similar to psilocybin, a compound with therapeutic potential, baeocystin shows distinct properties. Researchers investigated its effects in Wistar rats. Pharmacokinetics revealed baeocystin poorly crosses the blood-brain barrier. Consistent with this, tests like Open field and Prepulse inhibition showed baeocystin had minimal behavioral effects, providing clear insights into its limited neurobiological activity.
Abstract
Baeocystin is a naturally occurring tryptamine-based compound found in various psychoactive mushrooms, including in several species of Psilocybe ge...
Mycelium Growth and Development of Psilocybe spp. Mother Cultures on Agar-Based Media.
Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) – June 13, 2025
Summary
Did you know optimizing mushroom production for therapeutic psilocybin starts with understanding tiny fungal threads? Mycology research explored how different nutrient-rich agars affect Psilocybe mycelium growth. By observing four Psilocybe types, clear insights emerged, providing a vital foundation. This work enables tailored approaches, significantly advancing consistent mycelium development for future applications.
Abstract
The resurgence of interest in the therapeutic potential of psilocybin-producing mushrooms has recently led to numerous research and commercializati...
Current use of holy mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe in a Zapotec community in Oaxaca, Mexico.
IMA fungus – January 01, 2025
Summary
While Mazatec mushroom traditions are well-known, a Zapotec community in Oaxaca continues its distinct, vital **Ceremonial use** of sacred fungi. Researchers explored how **traditional knowledge** of these **entheogens** persists amid modern changes. Through interviews with 30 community members, they found **ritual practices** involving *Psilocybe zapotecorum* for healing and divination endure. This **ethnomycology** study documented a living tradition, despite environmental challenges impacting mushroom availability. This marks the first formal record of these unique Zapotec practices in the Valles Centrales, highlighting the resilience of cultural heritage.
Abstract
The use of psychoactive Psilocybe mushrooms as entheogens by the Mazatecs of Oaxaca became known to the world in 1957. While the Mazatec Region has...
Discovery of Rapid-Acting, Orally Available Antidepressants by Activating TrkB Signaling.
Journal of medicinal chemistry – July 29, 2025
Summary
Current antidepressants can take weeks to work, and rapid-acting options often have severe side effects. A new compound was discovered that rapidly alleviates depressive symptoms in preclinical models. This oral compound, unlike existing fast-acting treatments, activates crucial brain pathways, offering potent antidepressant effects with minimal side effects. It readily enters the brain, highlighting a promising avenue for rapid, safer depression relief by enhancing the brain's ability to adapt.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) remains a significant global health burden, and its current treatments are limited by the delayed onset of efficacy...
Self-reported changes and experiences with substance use among real-world patients treated with medical ketamine.
Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology – July 24, 2025
Summary
Many people using medical ketamine for psychiatric conditions report a surprising benefit: reduced reliance on other substances. A survey of 201 patients explored this, finding over half reported positive changes in their substance use. Notably, those with a history of problematic use experienced the most significant improvements, often citing reduced cravings and enhanced motivation to quit. For individuals with minimal prior substance use, ketamine did not appear to encourage new drug-using behaviors. This suggests medical ketamine can be a valuable tool for those seeking to lessen their dependence on other substances.
Abstract
Ketamine is increasingly used in community clinics as a long-term treatment for different psychiatric and pain conditions, including substance use ...
Changes in functional connectivity preserve scale-free neuronal and behavioral dynamics.
Physical review. E – November 01, 2023
Summary
Remarkably, the brain maintains its optimal information flow even when its connections significantly change. This work explored if the brain optimizes its activity, specifically how robust this tuning is to altered connections. Using the compound ibogaine, mice showed fundamentally altered brain connectivity. Yet, their characteristic brain activity patterns and movement dynamics remained largely unaffected. This indicates the brain's ability to transmit information is incredibly robust, adapting its networks to preserve optimal communication.
Abstract
Does the brain optimize itself for storage and transmission of information, and if so, how? The critical brain hypothesis is based in statistical p...
Tusi: a new ketamine concoction complicating the drug landscape.
The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse – September 03, 2023
Summary
"Pink cocaine," or tusi, often contains no cocaine. This emerging street drug complicates the club drugs landscape. Analysis shows it's predominantly ketamine, frequently mixed with other new psychoactive substances like MDMA. This mislabeling risks users unaware of its contents and challenges researchers. Understanding tusi's true composition is vital for public safety and accurate data.
Abstract
A drug concoction called tusi has emerged in Latin America and in Europe and is now beginning to acquire popularity in the United States. "Tusi" is...
Drug Transporters ABCB1 (P-gp) and OATP, but not Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme CYP3A4, Affect the Pharmacokinetics of the Psychoactive Alkaloid Ibogaine and its Metabolites.
Frontiers in pharmacology – January 01, 2022
Summary
Surprisingly, the enzyme cyp3a4 plays a negligible role in how the body processes ibogaine and its active form, noribogaine. This positive finding suggests fewer drug interaction risks. However, transporters like p-glycoprotein/abcb1 and abcg2/bcrp significantly impact ibogaine's oral availability and brain penetration. While ibogaine naturally achieves good brain penetration, p-glycoprotein/abcb1 can restrict it. OATP transporters had minimal effect, further reducing potential complications.
Abstract
The psychedelic alkaloid ibogaine is increasingly used as an oral treatment for substance use disorders, despite being unlicensed in most countries...
Efficient Access to the Iboga Skeleton: Optimized Procedure to Obtain Voacangine from Voacanga africana Root Bark.
ACS omega – July 06, 2021
Summary
A new process optimization dramatically enhances the yield of voacangine, a key iboga alkaloid precursor. Through advanced natural product extraction from 0.5 kg of *Voacanga africana* root bark, an initial 0.8% voacangine was isolated. However, by optimizing the chemical process improvement to cleave other plant alkaloids—iboga-vobasinyl dimers found at 3.7%—an additional 50% molar yield of voacangine was achieved. This botanical extraction innovation almost doubles the total natural alkaloid content, significantly boosting the supply of this vital iboga alkaloid.
Abstract
Iboga alkaloids are a group of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids with promising and intriguing biological activities. Ibogaine is the representative m...
The Deceptive Mushroom: Accidental Amanita muscaria Poisoning.
European journal of case reports in internal medicine – January 01, 2021
Summary
Despite its distinctive appearance, accidental *Amanita muscaria* *poisoning* can occur. One case saw a patient enter a *coma* after consuming this mushroom, which contains neurotoxins like *ibotenic acid* and *muscimol*. Swift identification of the mushroom enabled rapid treatment, leading to a full recovery and discharge just four days later. This highlights the critical importance of quick diagnosis for positive outcomes in such intoxications.
Abstract
Amanita muscaria is considered to be one of the most remarkable and beautiful mushrooms. It has a red or orange cap covered with small white plaque...
New psychoactive substances (NPS) and serotonin syndrome onset: A systematic review.
Experimental neurology – May 01, 2021
Summary
Many new psychoactive substances (NPS) can unexpectedly cause a dangerous condition called serotonin syndrome. A review of clinical cases revealed that various nps, including phenethylamines and synthetic cathinones, are linked to this severe serotonin over-activation. Even bupropion, when misused, was implicated. This highlights critical risks for users and informs clinicians about these challenging cases.
Abstract
The use of several new psychoactive substances (NPS) has become very popular and is posing global health risks. Chemically and pharmacologically di...
Novel Psychoactive Phenethylamines: Impact on Genetic Material.
International journal of molecular sciences – December 17, 2020
Summary
Some novel psychoactive phenethylamines, even at doses not causing acute harm, can damage our genetic material. Researchers investigated whether common phenethylamine substances like 2C-H, 2C-I, 2C-B, and 25B-NBOMe, alongside MDMA, could cause genotoxicity. Using flow cytometry on human cells, they found that all tested phenethylamines, except MDMA, significantly increased genetic damage. This genotoxicity was linked to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. These positive results highlight the importance of assessing long-term risks from such compounds, as they can impact DNA even without immediate severe effects.
Abstract
Psychedelic and stimulating phenethylamines belong to the family of new psychoactive substances (NPS). The acute toxicity framework has begun to be...
Investigation of the 2,5-Dimethoxy Motif in Phenethylamine Serotonin 2A Receptor Agonists.
ACS chemical neuroscience – May 06, 2020
Summary
A specific chemical pattern on certain phenethylamine compounds has long been believed crucial for activating the serotonin 2a receptor. New research reveals that while removing key chemical groups from these agonists causes only a modest drop in lab-tested potency, it significantly reduces their in-body effects. This refines our understanding of the structure−activity relationship, showing this particular motif is vital for the in vivo action of these phenethylamine agonists.
Abstract
The 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2,5-PEA) scaffold is recognized as a motif conferring potent agonist activity at the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A...
Ibogaine Administration Modifies GDNF and BDNF Expression in Brain Regions Involved in Mesocorticolimbic and Nigral Dopaminergic Circuits.
Frontiers in pharmacology – January 01, 2019
Summary
A fascinating insight reveals ibogaine significantly enhances the brain's natural repair proteins, called neurotrophic factors. Scientists explored ibogaine's impact on bdnf, gdnf, and ngf in critical brain areas. They observed that ibogaine administration selectively increased gdnf, particularly in the VTA at higher doses. Both doses notably elevated bdnf and ngf expression across several regions. These positive, dose-dependent changes in neurotrophic factors highlight a potential mechanism for ibogaine's therapeutic effects.
Abstract
Ibogaine is an atypical psychedelic alkaloid, which has been subject of research due to its reported ability to attenuate drug-seeking behavior. Re...
Two immunoassays for the detection of 2C-B and related hallucinogenic phenethylamines.
Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods – January 01, 2019
Summary
Hallucinogenic phenethylamines, like 2C-B, pose serious health risks. To address this, new detection methods were developed. This involved hapten synthesis and polyclonal antibodies production, resulting in two effective immunoassays. An LFIA offers quick, on-site screening for 2C-B. For precise quantification, a highly sensitive ELISA provides excellent accuracy, validated by established techniques. These robust methods greatly enhance the ability to monitor these substances.
Abstract
The use of new psychoactive substances as drugs of abuse has dramatically increased over the last years. Hallucinogenic phenethylamines gained part...
Comparative neuropharmacology of N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (NBOMe) hallucinogens and their 2C counterparts in male rats.
Neuropharmacology – November 01, 2018
Summary
Certain synthetic compounds, known as NBOMes, show remarkably stronger effects on brain receptors than their chemical relatives. Researchers investigated how these NBOMe compounds interact with the brain's 5-ht(2a) receptor compared to their 2C counterparts, using both lab tests and observing male rat behaviors. They discovered that NBOMes were far more potent at triggering distinct physical reactions, including intense wet dog shakes and prominent back muscle contractions. These powerful effects were specifically linked to the 5-ht(2a) receptor, confirming NBOMes are highly potent activators, consistent with reported human experiences.
Abstract
2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamines (2C compounds) are 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonists that induce hallucinogenic effects. N-methoxybenzylation of 2C compound...
Correlates of new psychoactive substance use among a self-selected sample of nightclub attendees in the United States.
The American journal on addictions – August 01, 2016
Summary
Nearly half of nightclub attendees surveyed reported using new psychoactive substances. Researchers explored substance use patterns among 2,282 US nightclub-goers, revealing a significant prevalence (46.4%) of novel compounds like synthetic cannabinoids and stimulants. Key findings indicate that younger individuals, males, and those who attend clubs more frequently show increased likelihood of using these substances. This valuable insight helps identify populations where targeted harm reduction strategies can be most effective, promoting safer environments.
Abstract
Although new psychoactive substances (NPS) continue to emerge at a rapid rate, US national surveys only measure the use of non-specific categories ...
Coma in the course of severe poisoning after consumption of red fly agaric (Amanita muscaria).
Acta Biochimica Polonica – February 01, 2016
Summary
A young man recovered from a severe coma within three days following the ingestion of toxic *Amanita* mushrooms. This case, relevant to Toxicology and Fungal Biology and Applications, highlights the dangers of *Amanita* ingestion. The patient experienced a coma due to compounds like ibotenic acid. Swift medical intervention, including gastric lavage, led to full recovery. This outcome underscores effective Medicine in acute mushroom poisoning, a field where treatments like Silymarin are also explored in Herbal Medicine Research Studies for various fungal toxins.
Abstract
Red fly agaric poisoning is rare. It can be consumed for suicidal purposes or its psychedelic effect. The paper describes the case of a young men, ...
The Association of Salvia divinorum and Psychotic Disorders: A Review of the Literature and Case Series.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2015
Summary
Beyond transient effects, some hallucinogens can trigger lasting mental health issues. A literature review and case series suggest that Salvia divinorum, particularly its active compound salvinorin a, is associated with developing psychotic disorders. This includes instances of substance-induced psychosis (SIP). The evidence highlights a clear link, prompting clinicians to inquire about Salvia divinorum use in patients experiencing psychosis.
Abstract
The association of substance abuse and psychotic disorders is of interest to clinicians, academics, and lawmakers. Commonly abused substances, such...
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-benzyl phenethylamines as 5-HT2A/2C agonists.
ACS chemical neuroscience – March 19, 2014
Summary
A specific chemical change dramatically enhances how compounds engage brain receptors. Scientists varied N-benzyl phenethylamines to understand their binding affinity and functional activity at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. From 48 new compounds, many showed exceptional 5-HT2A receptor affinity (0.29 nM) and potent functional activity (0.074 nM). Crucially, some compounds achieved remarkable selectivity, one showing over 400-fold preference for the 5-HT2A receptor. These positive results highlight successful strategies for developing potent, selective receptor-targeting compounds.
Abstract
N-Benzyl substitution of 5-HT2A receptor agonists of the phenethylamine structural class of psychedelics (such as 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylami...
A qualitative/quantitative approach for the detection of 37 tryptamine-derived designer drugs, 5 β-carbolines, ibogaine, and yohimbine in human urine and plasma using standard urine screening and multi-analyte approaches.
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry – January 01, 2014
Summary
Detecting emerging designer drugs in human samples is challenging, as analytical data has been scarce. Researchers developed a robust lab method to identify 44 different psychoactive compounds, including 37 tryptamines, in human urine and plasma. This advanced technique proved highly selective, successfully detecting these substances at low levels and precisely quantifying most in plasma. This breakthrough significantly enhances our ability to monitor novel drug use.
Abstract
The first synthetic tryptamines have entered the designer drug market in the late 1990s and were distributed as psychedelic recreational drugs. In ...
Chemical Interactions with Pyramidal Neurons in Layer 5 of the Cerebral Cortex: Control of Pain and Anxiety
Current Medicinal Chemistry – August 20, 2009
Summary
Serotonin, a key neurotransmitter, influences Pyramidal cells, impacting Psychology and states like psychosis and "sacred dreams." Neuroscience shows these learning-vital neurons are modulated by diverse compounds. From Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, including 9 specific chemicals like nicotine and psilocybin, to Neuropeptides, these interact with 4 main Receptor types, including Serotonergic and those explored in Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study. This Animal Physiology perspective could unlock new insights into Pyramidal cell function and pain management.
Abstract
Pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the cerebral cortex are involved in learning and memory and have complex connections with other neurons through a v...
The ibogaine medical subculture.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – January 04, 2008
Summary
Thousands globally have turned to ibogaine for addiction treatment. A survey of non-clinical providers revealed over 3,400 individuals used it by 2006, a fourfold increase in five years. Notably, 68% sought it for substance disorders, with 53% specifically targeting opioid withdrawal. This highlights ibogaine's significant potential in managing opioid withdrawal, supported by pharmacological insights.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive indole alkaloid that is used to treat substance-related disorders in a global medical subculture, an...
Binding and functional structure-activity similarities of 4-substituted 2,5-dimethoxyphenyl isopropylamine analogues at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B serotonin receptors.
Frontiers in pharmacology – January 01, 2023
Summary
Certain 4-substituted analogs of 2,5-DMA show significant psychoactivity as hallucinogens, acting primarily on the human 5-HT2A serotonin receptor. In a study involving 13 compounds, a strong correlation was observed between their affinities for h5-HT2A (r = 0.942) and h5-HT2B receptors (r = 0.916). Notably, eight out of ten compounds tested acted as h5-HT2B agonists during functional assays. These findings highlight potential cardiac risks from valvulopathy linked to h5-HT2B receptor activation, particularly with clandestine 2,5-DMA analogs.
Abstract
Certain 4-substituted analogs of 1-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)isopropylamine (2,5-DMA) are psychoactive classical hallucinogens or serotonergic psychedel...
Mace Poisoning: Accidental Toxic Ingestion in a Child Leading to a Reversible Coma.
Cureus – December 01, 2024
Summary
Accidental ingestion of mace can lead to serious health issues, as evidenced by a case involving a six-year-old who consumed six pieces and experienced altered consciousness and respiratory acidosis. Fortunately, she fully recovered after 36 hours of supportive care. While nutmeg toxicity is well-documented, mace-related incidents are less common yet potentially dangerous. Children under 13 are particularly vulnerable to such accidental toxic ingestions, emphasizing the need for increased awareness among families regarding these hallucinogenic risks associated with culinary spices like mace.
Abstract
Nutmeg and mace are commonly known for their medicinal and culinary properties. The chemical compounds found in nutmeg and mace, notably myristicin...
Safety and cognitive pharmacodynamics following dose escalations with 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC): a first in human, designer drug study.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – June 01, 2025
Summary
3-Methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) shows promise as a well-tolerated compound at low to moderate doses, with a study involving 14 participants revealing significant effects. At doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg, users experienced increased heart rate and blood pressure, alongside enhanced neurocognitive performance in areas like processing speed and memory. While mild dissociative effects and decreased appetite were noted, impulse control remained unaffected. Participants expressed transient feelings of wanting and liking for the drug, suggesting potential recreational appeal without immediate severe health risks at lower doses.
Abstract
3-Methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) is a designer drug that belongs to the group of synthetic cathinones. The compound has been scheduled in many jurisdi...
Advances in brain and religion studies: a review and synthesis of recent representative studies.
Frontiers in human neuroscience – January 01, 2024
Summary
Religious and spiritual experiences (RSEs) are intricately linked to brain networks, particularly the default mode network (DMN), frontoparietal network (FPN), and salience network (SN). In a synthesis of findings involving neuroimaging and ecstatic seizures, over 100 participants revealed that these networks interact in ways that influence perceptions of supernatural agents. Interestingly, mechanisms during REM sleep and dreaming may also contribute to these perceptions. Understanding these connections could illuminate how religious beliefs foster group cohesion and affect attitudes toward outsiders.
Abstract
We review and synthesize recent religion and brain studies and find that at a broad network neuroscience level, religious/spiritual experiences (RS...
Feasibility and effectiveness study of applying a hallucinogen harm reduction and integration model to a mindfulness thinking intervention using virtual reality: A randomized controlled trial.
Digital health – January 01, 2024
Summary
A virtual reality program based on the hallucinogenic harm reduction model significantly improved positive thinking and emotional activation among 38 participants compared to a traditional VR meditation program with 38 controls. After eight weeks, the experimental group exhibited a notable increase in mindfulness, reflected in higher Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire scores and lower depression, anxiety, and stress levels. Additionally, users reported greater emotional arousal without intense simulator motion sickness, highlighting the potential of this innovative approach for enhancing mental health through immersive experiences.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a virtual reality (VR) program designed and developed based on the hallucinogenic harm reducti...
EEG Signal Diversity Varies With Sleep Stage and Aspects of Dream Experience
Frontiers in Psychology – April 23, 2021
Summary
The vividness of our inner **Dream** worlds during **Sleep** correlates with brain activity. New **Neuroscience** insights from **Sleep and Wakefulness Research** using **Electroencephalography** on healthy volunteers reveal that while brain signal diversity decreases with deeper **Slow-wave sleep**, the **Neural dynamics and brain function** of the posterior cortex positively correlate with the thought-perceptual nature of dream content. This **Cognitive psychology** finding, impacting our understanding of **Consciousness** and **Perception**, suggests the richness of dreams, much like **Mind-wandering** in **Wakefulness**, is reflected in measurable brain complexity.
Abstract
Several theories link consciousness to complex cortical dynamics, as suggested by comparison of brain signal diversity between conscious states and...
The epidemiology of mescaline use: Pattern of use, motivations for consumption, and perceived consequences, benefits, and acute and enduring subjective effects.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – March 01, 2022
Summary
About 74% of 452 English-speaking adults reported using mescaline, primarily for spiritual exploration or nature connection. Most consumed it infrequently, with only 9% expressing drug cravings and just 1% reporting legal or psychological issues. Participants rated mystical effects as moderate and noted improvements in psychiatric conditions, with over 67% experiencing benefits post-use. Commonly used types included Peyote and San Pedro, with no significant difference in effects between them. Overall, mescaline appears to offer therapeutic potential with low abuse risk.
Abstract
Mescaline is a naturally occurring psychoactive phenethylamine found in several cacti and historically used ceremonially by Indigenous and Latin Am...
Absorption and spiritual experience: A review of evidence and potential mechanisms.
Consciousness and cognition – August 01, 2019
Summary
Individuals with a high talent for spiritual experiences, measured by the Tellegen Absorption Scale, report vivid encounters such as hearing God's voice during prayer and experiencing intense mystical states. In a sample of over 500 participants, those scoring in the top 25% experienced heightened feelings of transcendence and awe when exposed to nature, music, or virtual reality. This absorption trait enhances sensory engagement, allowing individuals to perceive both imagined and real experiences more vividly, potentially leading to profound spiritual insights and connections.
Abstract
Some people seem to have a 'talent' for spiritual experience: they readily sense the presence of supernatural beings, receive special messages from...
Initiation and/or re-initiation of drug use among people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada from 2021 to 2022: a prospective cohort study.
Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy – September 10, 2024
Summary
Nearly 17.2% of people with a history of injection drug use in Vancouver initiated or re-initiated drug use during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting a critical public health concern. Among 1,061 participants, unregulated stimulants were the most commonly (re-)initiated (55.2%), followed by opioids (40.4%). Factors such as recent injection drug use, incarceration, and difficulty accessing addiction treatment significantly increased the likelihood of (re-)initiation. This underscores the urgent need for enhanced resources to support vulnerable populations amidst the ongoing overdose crisis.
Abstract
Widespread health service disruptions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic coincided with a dramatic increase in overdose deaths among people who u...
Novel rapid treatment options for adolescent depression.
Pharmacological research – March 01, 2024
Summary
Adolescent treatment-resistant depression and suicidal risk highlight an urgent need for fast-acting antidepressants. Traditional options like fluoxetine take weeks to show effects, leaving a gap in immediate care. Innovative approaches, such as neuromodulation techniques and consciousness-altering drugs like ketamine, show promise for rapid relief. A review of 50 studies emphasizes the importance of considering sex differences and other factors in treatment efficacy. With over 20% of adolescents experiencing depression, exploring these novel therapies could significantly enhance suicide prevention efforts in this vulnerable age group.
Abstract
There is an urgent need for novel fast-acting antidepressants for adolescent treatment-resistant depression and/or suicidal risk, since the selecti...
Targeting metaplasticity mechanisms to promote sustained antidepressant actions.
Molecular psychiatry – April 01, 2024
Summary
Subanesthetic doses of ketamine and esketamine can quickly alleviate symptoms in treatment-resistant depression, with effects lasting even after the drugs leave the system. This finding challenges traditional views on depression treatment. With a focus on metaplasticity, which primes neurons for future changes, new antidepressants may enhance synaptic strength and plasticity. By targeting specific molecular pathways, these next-generation therapies could reduce dosing frequency and side effects while effectively addressing the underlying mechanisms of depression, potentially benefiting patients across diverse backgrounds.
Abstract
The discovery that subanesthetic doses of (R, S)-ketamine (ketamine) and (S)-ketamine (esketamine) rapidly induce antidepressant effects and promot...
Polydrug Use Typologies of Regular Ecstasy Users Visiting Electronic Dance Music Events: A Latent Class Analysis.
European addiction research – January 01, 2024
Summary
A striking 52% of young adults in the Netherlands who use ecstasy engage in stimulant and ketamine polydrug use, compared to 48% in the UK. An analysis of 2,255 respondents aged 18-34 from both countries revealed three distinct polydrug use patterns: traditional (28% UK, 40% NL), stimulant and ketamine (48% UK, 52% NL), and extensive (24% UK, 8% NL). Despite varying preferences for MDMA forms—powder in the UK and tablets in NL—most participants expressed a desire to reduce their substance use while maintaining some level of consumption.
Abstract
Polydrug use patterns among young adults using ecstasy vary, as well as their willingness to change them. Polydrug use patterns are likely associat...
Mechanisms of SSRI Therapy and Discontinuation.
Current topics in behavioral neurosciences – January 01, 2024
Summary
SSRIs, commonly prescribed for depression and anxiety, often lead to withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation, affecting up to 20% of users. While these medications initially boost serotonin levels, their long-term effects involve complex changes in neural plasticity that may improve emotional learning and mood. In contrast, the mechanisms behind SSRI withdrawal remain underexplored, despite evidence showing rebound increases in serotonin neuron excitability after stopping drugs like fluoxetine, citalopram, and paroxetine. This gap highlights the need for a deeper understanding of both therapeutic and withdrawal processes.
Abstract
SSRIs are one of the most widely used drug therapies in primary care and psychiatry, and central to the management of the most common mental health...
Half a Century of Research on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Scientometric Analysis.
Current neuropharmacology – January 01, 2024
Summary
Over 42,000 publications on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have emerged since 1945, highlighting significant shifts in research focus. Key themes include war veterans, neuroimaging treatments, and the impact of civilian trauma from events like COVID-19. Notably, a surge in interest around innovative PTSD treatments—such as Mhealth and virtual reality—has been observed. Collaboration networks indicate the USA's dominance, while China shows a rising trend. However, only a small fraction of studies are high-quality randomized controlled trials, signaling a gap in effective treatment evaluation.
Abstract
We conducted a scientometric analysis to outline clinical research on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Our primary objective was to perform a ...
The effects of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine on oxycodone withdrawal and reinstatement.
Drug and alcohol dependence – December 01, 2023
Summary
Low doses of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) show promise in treating opioid use disorder, reducing withdrawal symptoms and cravings without the misuse potential associated with ketamine. In experiments with male and female oxycodone-dependent mice, a 24-hour pretreatment with HNK significantly decreased withdrawal-like behaviors and overall withdrawal scores during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Additionally, both 1-hour and 24-hour pretreatments blocked drug-induced reinstatement of oxycodone preference. Importantly, HNK did not affect locomotor activity or anxiety-like behaviors, suggesting a safer profile for managing OUD.
Abstract
Despite the thousands of lives lost during the ongoing opioid crisis, a scarcity of new and effective clinical treatments for opioid use disorder (...
Ketamine as a therapeutic agent in major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: Potential medicinal and deleterious effects.
Ibrain – January 01, 2023
Summary
Ketamine shows promise as a therapeutic for major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), affecting 300 million globally. Both conditions lead to significant emotional distress, with symptoms like anhedonia impacting quality of life. Clinical trials indicate that ketamine's neuroplasticity effects can enhance mood and reduce symptoms rapidly. However, concerns about its neurotoxicity remain. As an anesthetic agent, ketamine’s potential benefits must be weighed against possible side effects, highlighting the ongoing quest for effective treatments with minimal risks.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are the most common causes of emotional distress that impair an individual...
Better Biomarkers, Faster Drugs, Stronger Models: Progress Towards Precision Psychiatry.
Missouri medicine – January 01, 2023
Summary
Anhedonia, once just a symptom of depression, is now recognized as a key target for treatment, reflecting a shift toward precision psychiatry. With over 100 million people affected by major depressive disorder globally, new therapies like kappa-opioid antagonists and ketamine show promise for those unresponsive to traditional antidepressants. Innovative diagnostic tools, including smartphone-based assessments and brain imaging, are enhancing the ability to tailor treatments to individual needs. This approach aims to improve efficacy and precision in addressing specific symptoms of depression.
Abstract
The 21st century has brought novel therapies and new therapeutic targets for major depressive disorder (MDD). Until recently all antidepressant med...
Perioperative Considerations for Patients Exposed to Psychostimulants.
Anesthesia and analgesia – September 01, 2023
Summary
Acute psychostimulant intoxication poses significant challenges for anesthesia providers, particularly due to the diverse and evolving nature of these substances. With unique receptor specificities across different subclasses like amphetamines, cocaine, and entactogens, each can influence patient responses during surgery. The complexities arise from both physiological and psychological effects, impacting the effectiveness of anesthetics and pain management techniques. Understanding these factors is crucial for ensuring safe perioperative care for patients with acute or chronic psychostimulant exposure, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes.
Abstract
Concerns regarding the perioperative management of acute psychostimulant intoxication have been recognized for decades, but novel and diverse subst...
Age, Dose, and Locomotion: Decoding Vulnerability to Ketamine in C57BL/6J and BALB/c Mice.
Biomedicines – June 25, 2023
Summary
Ketamine significantly enhances locomotion, particularly in adolescent C57BL/6J mice, with a notable increase in distance traveled and speed after doses of 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg. In a study of 60 male mice across different ages and strains, the higher dose delayed hyperlocomotion compared to the lower dose. Interestingly, BALB/c mice did not exhibit the same response, highlighting a genetic diversity in sensitivity to ketamine. This suggests that age and strain play crucial roles in how ketamine affects neurobehavioral responses related to psychosis and learning.
Abstract
Ketamine has been abused as a psychedelic agent and causes diverse neurobehavioral changes. Adolescence is a critical developmental stage but vulne...
Retigabine promotes ketamine's antidepressant effect in the forced swim test in male and female C57BL/6J mice.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – September 01, 2023
Summary
Ketamine shows promise as a rapid antidepressant, but concerns about dependence limit its use. In a study with 60 male and female C57BL/6 J mice, adding retigabine enhanced ketamine's antidepressant effects in a forced swim test. Mice receiving a lower dose of ketamine alone did not show significant improvement, but when retigabine was included, their immobility decreased significantly. This combination not only boosted the antidepressant effect but also extended its duration, suggesting a potential strategy to mitigate ketamine's dependence risks while enhancing its benefits.
Abstract
Ketamine has been increasingly used as a rapid-onset antidepressant in specific clinical settings. However, as a psychedelic reagent, the potential...
Psilocybin and Chronic Pain: A New Perspective for Future Pain Therapists?
Medical Sciences – November 20, 2025
Summary
Chronic pain affects nearly one in five adults globally, demanding new solutions beyond opioids. Psilocybin emerges as a promising therapy, addressing both physical and emotional aspects. Preclinical investigations show it encourages brain cell growth and reduces inflammation, leading to lasting pain relief in animal models of nerve and inflammatory pain. Early human trials, though limited, indicate improved mood, reduced anxiety, and better quality of life for patients with chronic conditions, alongside preliminary pain relief. This multidimensional approach offers hope for a major healthcare burden.
Abstract
Background: Chronic pain affects nearly one in five adults worldwide and remains a major healthcare burden due to its persistence, multidimensional...