A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to measure LSD and its isomer iso-LSD in blood or urine, with a detection limit of 0.02 micrograms per liter. Applied to two real cases, LSD concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 1.30 micrograms per liter. The main metabolite identified in urine was 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD at 2.5 and 6.6 micrograms per liter, which was absent in plasma. Additional metabolites including nor-LSD, lysergic acid ethylamide, and various hydroxylated and glucuronide-conjugated forms were detected using specific mass spectrometry transitions.
A randomized controlled trial will test whether virtual-reality-based mindfulness training improves quality of life more than traditional mindfulness for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Forty-six participants will be randomly assigned to an eight-week mindfulness program delivered either through VR or in a conventional format. The primary outcome is quality of life, measured by the ALS-Specific Quality of Life Scale; secondary outcomes include cognitive function, anxiety, depression, behavioral changes, and mindfulness propensity, assessed at baseline, after the intervention, and three months later. The study also examines VR usability and accessibility challenges. If effective, VR mindfulness could make psychological support more accessible for patients with severe physical limitations.