Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)
July 1, 2012
Fernando Caudevilla-Gálligo, Jordi Riba, Mireia Ventura et al.
99 citations
The psychoactive drug 2C-B, an analogue of mescaline, is increasingly used as a rave and club drug. Analysis of drug samples in Spain showed that the percentage containing 2C-B doubled between 2006 and 2009, shifting from powder to tablet form with low falsification rates. Recreational users typically took about 20 mg orally. Subjective effects included perceptual changes similar to those from ayahuasca and Salvia divinorum, but not from amphetamine or MDMA. Pleasure and sociability were comparable to MDMA, while incapacitation was lower than with the other psychedelics studied. The findings indicate 2C-B is consistently present in Spain's illicit market, producing psychedelic-like perceptual effects but with lower impairment and higher pleasurable effects akin to entactogens.
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental
May 1, 2017
Daniel Martins, Monica J. Barratt, Cristiana Vale Pires et al.
76 citations
At the 2014 Boom Festival in Portugal, a drug-checking service analyzed 245 samples that users believed to be LSD. Only 67.3% actually contained LSD alone; 24.1% contained another psychoactive substance instead, including 11.4% that were DOx derivatives and 9.8% that were 25x-NBOMe derivatives. Among users who received unexpected results, 74.2% said they did not intend to consume the drug they actually had. After alerts were disseminated on the second day, a larger proportion of all tests conducted were for LSD compared to the 2012 festival, where no such alert was issued. The authors suggest these findings support integrated drug-checking services in party settings.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
June 1, 2017
Álvaro José Palma-Conesa, Mireia Ventura, Liliana Galindo et al.
65 citations
New psychoactive tryptamines, which mimic the effects of regulated hallucinogens, pose a potential public health risk. Analysis of 25,296 samples submitted to a harm-reduction organization from 2006 to 2015 identified 436 tryptamines, of which 232 (53.21%) were not regulated. The most common unregulated tryptamine was 4-AcO-DMT, for which no human studies exist. Unregulated tryptamines were more likely to contain a single unadulterated substance. The number of tryptamine samples increased over time, and there were significant differences between client expectations and actual analysis results for regulated versus unregulated groups. Further research is needed to address health risks.
Frontiers in Pharmacology
March 13, 2018
Esther Papaseit, Marta Torrens, Mireia Ventura et al.
61 citations
2C-B, a psychedelic similar to mescaline, acts on serotonin receptors and produces mild psychedelic and stimulant-like effects. In an observational study, 16 healthy experienced users took 10–20 mg orally. The drug increased blood pressure and heart rate, elevated scores on scales for euphoria, liking, and stimulation, and altered perceptions of distances, colors, shapes, and lights. Five participants reported mild hallucinations. Peak 2C-B levels in saliva occurred at 1 hour, and peak cortisol at 3 hours. The effects resemble those of other serotonin-acting drugs.
Human psychopharmacology
July 1, 2013
Débora González, Mireia Ventura, Fernando Caudevilla et al.
39 citations
A survey of 230 research chemical users in Spain found that hallucinogenic phenethylamines like 2C-B and 2C-I, along with cathinones such as methylone and mephedrone, were the most commonly used substances. Cannabis was the most frequent drug combined with research chemicals, followed by 2C-B with MDMA. Users who consulted online forums used more research chemicals, obtained them via the Internet, and more often employed risk-reduction strategies. In this forum-consulting group, all sought information before use, 72.3% used precision scales for dosing, and 68.8% analyzed contents before consumption. The findings indicate a distinct user profile characterized by extensive knowledge and proactive risk-reduction behaviors.
Frontiers in Pharmacology
March 18, 2020
Esther Papaseit, Marta Torrens, Mireia Ventura et al.
20 citations
2C-E, a psychedelic phenylethylamine similar to mescaline, acts as a partial agonist at serotonin 2A, 2B, and 2C receptors and inhibits norepinephrine and serotonin uptake. In an observational study, ten recreational psychedelic users self-administered single oral doses of 2C-E (6.5–25 mg). The drug induced alterations in perception, hallucinations, and euphoric mood, with saliva concentrations peaking 2 hours after administration. The effects resembled those of 2C-B and other serotonin-acting drugs.
Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo)
April 1, 2020
José Carlos Bouso, I. Fornís, Mireia Ventura et al.
15 citations
The purity of iboga products sold online and by treatment providers is highly variable. Analysis of 16 samples—including root bark, total alkaloids, purified total alkaloids, and ibogaine hydrochloride—found ibogaine content ranging from 0.6% to 11.2% in root bark, 8.2% to 32.9% in total alkaloid products, 73.7% in one purified sample, and 61.5% to 73.4% in ibogaine hydrochloride samples. One sample contained no iboga alkaloids. Almost all samples also contained other alkaloids and unknown substances. The variability poses risks for correct dosing and potential adverse reactions or interactions.
Microchemical Journal
February 28, 2023
María Mata-Pesquera, David Fabregat‐safont, Cristina Gil et al.
10 citations
A recently detected synthetic cathinone, N-cyclohexyl butylone, was characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The compound's elemental composition and molecular structure were determined from accurate-mass ions and two-dimensional NMR experiments. In silico predictions suggest that N-cyclohexyl butylone likely produces stimulant effects similar to MDMA. This work provides a complete analytical profile for a new psychoactive substance that has appeared in European drug markets.
Addiction (Abingdon, England)
January 1, 2025
Leigh Coney, Amy Peacock, Daan van der Gouwe et al.
8 citations
Drugs sold on cryptomarkets are not uniformly higher in quality than those bought offline. For MDMA tablets, MDMA powder, cocaine, and LSD, the advertised substance is more likely to be present when sourced from cryptomarkets. Strength is higher for cryptomarket MDMA powder, cocaine, and methamphetamine, but lower for MDMA tablets and amphetamine. Adulteration is less likely in cryptomarket MDMA powder and cocaine, but more likely in amphetamine and LSD. Cocaine from cryptomarkets also has fewer adulterants. The relationship between source and drug quality depends on the specific substance and market dynamics.
Frontiers in pharmacology
January 1, 2025
Georgina De la Rosa, Esther Papaseit, Olga Hladun et al.
7 citations
Alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP), a synthetic cathinone similar to MDPV and cocaine, produces rapid-onset psychostimulant and empathogenic effects after a single intranasal dose. In nine participants with prior psychostimulant use, 10 mg or 20 mg of α-PVP caused an acute increase in blood pressure and heart rate that peaked 40 minutes after administration. Subjective effects appeared quickly and resolved within 3 to 5 hours. The drug's psychostimulant properties resembled those of cocaine, and its empathogenic effects were similar to those of MDMA and other cathinones like methylone.
European Psychiatry
April 1, 2017
Amira Trabsa, E. Monteagudo, D.d. Mariona et al.
2 citations
Among 8324 drug samples submitted to a Spanish harm-reduction organization between 2014 and 2015, nine were gummy formulations—a novel delivery form for psychoactive substances. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that 55.5% of these gummies contained multiple drugs. The most common substance was 25N-NBOMe, found in 66.7% of samples; other detected substances included 2C-E, 2C-D, allylescaline, cocaine, THC, ketamine, MDMA, and caffeine. Only 25N-NBOMe was present in an active dosage. Two-thirds of the gummies did not contain the substance the consumer expected, indicating risks of unintended effects.