A liquid concoction used in 2nd-century BCE Egyptian rituals contained multiple psychoactive and medicinal substances. Analysis of residues inside a Bes-vase identified proteins, metabolites, and genetic sequences from Peganum harmala, blue water lily (Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea), and a Cleome species, all known for psychotropic properties. Human fluids were also detected, suggesting direct human involvement in rituals. Fermented fruit-based liquid and honey or royal jelly were present. The findings reveal the complexity of ancient ritual practices and their use of bioactive natural resources.
Detecting ancient ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian hallucinogenic drink made from Banisteriopsis caapi liana and other plants, faces multiple challenges despite advanced analytical techniques. Harmine and harmaline found in Andean archaeological sites have led some to suggest Banisteriopsis was used as early as 500 CE. However, archaeological, ethnobotanical, biochemical, and analytical chemistry considerations make the true origins of these alkaloids in mummies and artifacts uncertain. The evidence does not convincingly prove ancient ayahuasca use.