Chemical Research in Toxicology
November 1, 1988
H. K. Lim, R. L. Foltz
117 citations
Four metabolic pathways of MDMA in rats have been identified: N-demethylation, O-dealkylation, deamination, and conjugation (O-methylation, O-glucuronidation, or O-sulfation). Specific metabolites include 3-hydroxy-4-methoxymethamphetamine, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine, 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine, MDA, and several phenylacetone derivatives. Most metabolites were excreted in urine as glucuronide or sulfate conjugates, with traces of free forms present. N-Demethyl and 3-O-methyl metabolites appeared in brain, liver, blood, and feces. Liver and brain supernatants metabolized MDMA to several of these compounds.
Journal of Analytical Toxicology
January 1, 1988
Paula Francom, David M. Andrenyak, Hyun Kyoon Lim et al.
55 citations
A method detects LSD in urine at concentrations as low as 0.5 ng/mL. After adding a deuterium-labeled internal standard, LSD is extracted from urine at pH 8 using n-butyl chloride, then converted to a trimethylsilyl derivative and measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. The procedure tracked LSD concentrations in urine for eight hours after two volunteers each took 70.5 micrograms of LSD orally. Results are compared with those from radioimmunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography. The report also includes data on LSD stability in urine.
Journal of Analytical Toxicology
September 1, 1999
Scott Reuschel, Shaundel Percey, S. Liu et al.
38 citations
A new assay can detect lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its major metabolite, 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD, in human urine at concentrations as low as 10 pg/mL. In most LSD-positive urine samples, the metabolite is present at higher concentrations than LSD and remains detectable longer after ingestion. The method uses solid-phase extraction, trimethylsilylation, and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with selected reaction monitoring. Linear calibration curves were obtained from 10 pg/mL to 5000 pg/mL. Reanalysis of 49 previously positive urine samples showed an average LSD concentration of 357 pg/mL and an average metabolite concentration of 3470 pg/mL. Clinical dosing experiments support that analyzing for the metabolite extends the detection window for identifying LSD use.
Journal of Analytical Toxicology
September 1, 1996
Yoshiro Nakahara, Ruri Kikura, Kazunori Takahashi et al.
36 citations
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its metabolite norLSD can be detected in hair after administration. In pigmented rats given daily doses of 0.05 to 2 mg/kg for 10 days, LSD was found in newly grown hair even at the lowest dose, while norLSD appeared only at the highest dose. Analysis of hair from 17 self-reported LSD users detected LSD in two samples. The methods used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection, demonstrating the feasibility of hair analysis for LSD exposure.