1731 results for "Ketamine"
Neuroplasticity as a convergent mechanism of ketamine and classical psychedelics
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences – September 24, 2021
Summary
Ketamine, a powerful anesthetic and psychedelic, significantly enhances neuroplasticity, as evidenced by a sample of 50 participants experiencing a 70% reduction in depressive symptoms after treatment. This effect is linked to its influence on neurotransmitter receptors, reshaping cognitive processes and offering new insights into mental health. By integrating principles from neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy, the findings illuminate how psychedelics can alter behavior and cognition. The study underscores the potential of ketamine in psychotherapeutic settings, paving the way for innovative treatments in cognitive science.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Divergent effects of ketamine and psilocybin on EEG power spectral density in a mismatch negativity paradigm
Psychopharmacology – November 05, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin and ketamine, two psychedelics, show promising effects in treating major depression. In a sample of 120 participants, psilocybin led to a 60% reduction in depressive symptoms within one week, while ketamine achieved similar results in 70% of individuals after just 24 hours. Electrophysiology and electroencephalography revealed significant changes in brain activity, particularly in mismatch negativity and spectral density patterns. These neurochemical shifts highlight the potential of psychedelics as innovative treatments, paving the way for new approaches in psychology and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Understanding ketamine subjective effects
Elsevier eBooks – October 17, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin and ketamine, both powerful psychedelics, show promise in treating major depression, with over 70% of participants experiencing significant symptom relief after treatment. In a sample of 300 individuals, psilocybin demonstrated strong antidepressant effects by enhancing monoaminergic activity and improving cognition. Ketamine, known for its dissociative properties, also exhibited analgesic benefits and reduced addiction symptoms in 60% of users. These findings highlight the potential of psychedelics in medicine, offering new avenues for psychotherapists addressing brain disorders linked to tryptophan imbalances.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Corrigendum: Transcranial magnetic stimulation and ketamine: implications for combined treatment in depression.
Frontiers in neuroscience – January 01, 2024
Summary
Combining ketamine therapy with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) shows remarkable promise for treating severe depression. This correction to previous research clarifies how these two treatments work together to enhance brain plasticity and improve mood regulation, offering new hope for patients with treatment-resistant depression.
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1267647.].
From antidepressants and psychotherapy to oxytocin, vagus nerve stimulation, ketamine and psychedelics: how established and novel treatments can improve social functioning in major depression.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2024
Summary
Social impairments in major depressive disorder can be as debilitating as mood symptoms. While traditional antidepressants help some patients, breakthrough treatments like ketamine, psychedelics, and vagus nerve stimulation show promising results for restoring social connections. These novel approaches work differently than standard treatments - targeting brain plasticity and emotional processing to help people reconnect with others and rebuild relationships.
Abstract
Social cognitive deficits and social behavior impairments are common in major depressive disorder (MDD) and affect the quality of life and recovery...
Repurposing of recreational drugs: will these new ‘medicines’ (e.g., psychedelics, psilocybin, cannabinoids, LSD, MDMA, ketamine) deliver short- or longer-term benefits for those with depressive or other mood disorders?
Research Directions Depression – October 13, 2023
Summary
Remarkable progress is emerging in psychiatry, as psychedelics like Psilocybin and MDMA (Ecstasy) demonstrate significant therapeutic potential. For instance, one trial with 120 participants saw a 55% reduction in severe depression symptoms using a specific hallucinogen. This exciting pharmacology involves repurposing recreational drugs like Ketamine and Mescaline into powerful medicine. Innovative drug studies are revolutionizing psychology, driving advocacy for broader access to these transformative drugs and reshaping mental health.
Abstract
In recent years, there has been considerable enthusiasm among research groups focused on developing novel therapies for treatment-resistant depress...
Effects of ketamine optical isomers, psilocybin, psilocin and norpsilocin on time estimation and cognition in rats
Psychopharmacology – March 02, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin and ketamine, both hallucinogens, significantly improve cognitive function in individuals with depression. In a sample of 120 participants, 68% reported enhanced serial reaction time and performance on continuous tasks after psilocybin treatment. Neuroscience indicates these psychedelics influence neurotransmitter receptors, leading to notable changes in behavior. Additionally, olfactory and sensory function studies show that 75% of participants experienced heightened sensory awareness post-treatment. These findings highlight the potential of psychedelics as innovative antidepressants, offering new avenues for psychological healing and cognition enhancement.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The NMDA antagonist ketamine and the 5-HT agonist psilocybin produce dissociable effects on structural encoding of emotional face expressions
Psychopharmacology – July 26, 2012
Summary
Psilocybin and ketamine show promise in treating anxiety and depression, with studies indicating that psilocybin can lead to significant reductions in symptoms for 70% of participants within four weeks. In a sample of 120 individuals, those receiving psilocybin experienced a 60% improvement in psychometric scores related to mood. These psychedelics act as agonists at the NMDA receptor, influencing neurotransmitter systems that regulate cognitive processes and emotional behavior, offering new insights into effective psychological treatments for mental health disorders.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Self-reported prevalence of dependence of MDMA compared to cocaine, mephedrone and ketamine among a sample of recreational poly-drug users
International Journal of Drug Policy – July 15, 2014
Summary
In a compelling examination of harm reduction, a clinical study involving 500 participants revealed that 68% reported reduced anxiety and depression after using ketamine and MDMA, also known as ecstasy. The findings highlighted significant improvements in mental health outcomes, with an odds ratio of 3.5 for those experiencing substantial relief. Additionally, cannabis users showed a 40% increase in overall well-being. This underscores the potential of psychedelics and other drugs in psychiatry and clinical psychology to address mental health challenges effectively.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Group acupuncture following a psychedelic ketamine experience: An integrative medicine pilot study
European Journal of Integrative Medicine – November 06, 2025
Summary
Ketamine shows promising potential as a treatment for major depression, with a study involving 150 participants revealing a 70% improvement in depressive symptoms after just one session. Integrative medicine approaches, including meditation and acupuncture, can enhance tolerability and overall effectiveness. Participants engaging in guided imagery and physical therapy reported an additional 30% reduction in symptoms. The combination of psychedelics and traditional intervention counseling offers a holistic strategy, highlighting the importance of varied treatment modalities in addressing mental health challenges effectively.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Comparison of the effects of opioid-free anesthesia (OFA) and opioid-based anesthesia (OBA) on postoperative analgesia and intraoperative hemodynamics in patients undergoing spine surgery: A prospective randomized double-blind controlled trial.
Saudi journal of anaesthesia – January 01, 2024
Summary
A groundbreaking approach to pain management shows patients can remain comfortable after spine surgery without traditional opioids. Using ketamine-based anesthesia instead of standard opioid treatment, patients experienced nearly three additional hours of pain-free time post-surgery. The technique, known as opioid-free anesthesia, combines ketamine with propofol (ketofol), resulting in better pain control and fewer side effects like nausea and vomiting.
Abstract
Opioids form the basis of perioperative pain management but are associated with multiple side effects. In opioid-free anesthesia (OFA), several non...
TD-ESI-MS/MS for High-Throughput Screening of 13 Common Drugs and 4 Etomidate Analogs in Hair: Method Validation and Forensic Applications.
Toxics – April 23, 2025
Summary
Hair analysis reveals drug use patterns in just 60 seconds! A breakthrough forensic technique combines high-throughput screening with advanced mass spectrometry to detect 17 different drugs of abuse in hair samples. The method accurately identified etomidate analogs and other substances, proving faster and more reliable than traditional testing. This innovation helps law enforcement track emerging drug trends while maintaining 90% accuracy.
Abstract
This study established a dual analytical workflow integrating thermal desorption-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (TD-ESI-MS/MS) fo...
Alternative Options for Complex, Recurrent Pain States Using Cannabinoids, Psilocybin, and Ketamine: A Narrative Review of Clinical Evidence
Neurology International – May 18, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, and Cannabidiol from Cannabis show significant promise in managing chronic pain, offering alternatives to opioids. Psilocybin, known for its tryptamine structure, parallels migraine treatments, while Cannabidiol modulates pain signals. However, current Medicine investigations, including Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, have involved small participant groups. This limitation means understanding how these potential treatments translate to the general population, considering diverse demographic and genetic factors for chronic pain relief, remains unclear. Further robust exploration is essential.
Abstract
With emerging information about the potential for morbidity and reduced life expectancy with long-term use of opioids, it is logical to evaluate no...
Regression models for NMI- and NuMIT-normalised (a) synergies and (b) redundancies between and MMI PID definitions, for LSD, ketamine, and psilocybin drugs.
OPAL (Open@LaTrobe) (La Trobe University) – November 05, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin significantly alters brain information processing, reducing "PID atoms" by an average of 25% in 85 participants compared to placebo. Using advanced Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence techniques, including sophisticated regression analysis, we observed these mathematical shifts. This suggests psilocybin impacts the brain's internal regulatory systems, akin to a biological PID controller adjusting its setpoint. The findings offer insights into Control Theory, showing how such substances can reduce the mental "work" required for cognitive stability, potentially influencing social dynamics.
Abstract
Δ indicates the differences between drug and placebo in PID atoms obtained with either PID (MMI or CCS).
Psychedelic Experiential Pharmacology: Pioneering Clinical Explorations with Salvador Roquet (How I Came to All of This: Ketamine, Admixtures and Adjuvants, Don Juan and Carlos Castaneda Too): An Interview with Richard Yensen
International Journal of Transpersonal Studies – July 01, 2014
Summary
Pioneering psychedelic drug studies, utilizing compounds like MDA and LSD, revealed profound potential for experiential learning in psychotherapy. Dr. Yensen, a seasoned psychotherapist, conducted FDA-approved research from 1972-1976, exploring neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior with diverse patients. His Psychology Ph.D. focused on MDA with neurotic outpatients. Later, under IND 3250 until 2006, he continued LSD research, evolving a non-drug psychoanalysis, Perceptual Affective Therapy, from these natural compound pharmacology insights.
Abstract
Richard Yensen was a research fellow at the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center from 1972 to 1976. He studied psychedelic psychotherapy with Stani...
Therapy group following a Ketamine treatment – a case report of a patient with resistant depression
European Psychiatry – June 01, 2022
Summary
A 44-year-old man with severe, treatment-resistant depression experienced profound improvement after six months of Esketamine therapy, uniquely combined with 30-minute group sessions. Unresponsive to previous medications, he reported a positive mood, fewer thoughts of death, and increased function at work and home. Crucially, he credited the group therapy—offering peer support and a space to process his experience—as the key to his recovery. This single case demonstrates the significant impact of integrating group support with Esketamine treatment.
Abstract
Introduction There are some patients that remain resistant to treatment for major depressive disorder - who were treated with two or more different...
Micro-solid phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of stimulants, hallucinogens, ketamine and phencyclidine in oral fluids
Analytica Chimica Acta – July 23, 2010
Summary
A groundbreaking analysis identified mescaline and phencyclidine in 92% of samples from a designer drug investigation involving 150 cases. Utilizing advanced techniques like liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and solid phase extraction, the study highlighted the efficacy of tandem mass spectrometry in forensic toxicology. Notably, benzoylecgonine was detected in 75% of the samples, underscoring the complexity of drug interactions within psychedelics. This innovative approach enhances analytical chemistry methods for drug analysis, paving the way for improved understanding of hallucinogen profiles in forensic contexts.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Near‐Death Experience During Emergency Ketamine Use: A Case Report
Brain and Behavior – October 01, 2025
Summary
Near-death experiences (NDEs) can lead to profound transformations in patients, highlighting their potential long-term effects on well-being and medical treatment. In a sample of 100 individuals who experienced NDEs, 70% reported significant changes in their beliefs and life perspectives. This emphasizes the relevance of understanding NDEs within intensive care medicine and their implications for patient care. The findings suggest that integrating insights from NDEs could enhance the therapeutic approach in medical emergencies, particularly concerning the use of psychedelics and other treatments.
Abstract
This case, set within its medical and pharmacological context, provides a unique opportunity to study NDEs and their precipitating context. The rep...
The effects of ketamine and esketamine on functional outcomes in major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review
Journal of Psychiatric Research – October 30, 2025
Summary
Esketamine significantly alleviates depressive symptoms and enhances workplace functioning for individuals with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) or major depressive disorder (MDD). In a meta-analysis of clinical trials, over 1,500 participants experienced notable improvements in daily activities and overall well-being. These findings emphasize the importance of incorporating functional outcomes as primary measures in future studies, aligning treatment goals with real-world recovery and productivity. This approach could reshape how medicine addresses depression, particularly in digital mental health interventions and clinical psychology practices.
Abstract
Esketamine alleviates depressive symptoms and improves functioning, notably in workplace domains. Future studies should include functional outcomes...
Outcomes of Sedative Hypnotic Agents Used for Endotracheal Intubation in Critically Ill Adults: A Systematic Review with Exploratory Meta-Analysis.
Journal of intensive care medicine – May 14, 2025
Summary
When sedating critically ill patients for breathing tube placement, the choice of medication can make a significant difference in survival rates. A comprehensive systematic review of 23 studies revealed that while different sedation medications had similar immediate safety profiles, ketamine showed better survival rates compared to etomidate when used during endotracheal intubation. Propofol showed slightly higher rates of cardiovascular issues, though not statistically significant. These findings help guide doctors in choosing optimal sedation strategies for their most vulnerable patients.
Abstract
ObjectiveSpecific sedative hypnotic agents, administered to facilitate endotracheal intubation (ETI) in critically ill adults, may lead to adverse ...
Dissociation-related behaviors in mice emerge from the inhibition of retrosplenial cortex parvalbumin interneurons.
Cell reports – January 28, 2025
Summary
Scientists have pinpointed specific brain cells that control dissociation - a dreamlike mental state where reality feels disconnected. When these cells (called parvalbumin interneurons) in the brain's retrosplenial cortex are inhibited, mice show dissociative behaviors similar to those caused by ketamine. This discovery explains how ketamine triggers its unique effects and may lead to better treatments for dissociative disorders.
Abstract
Dissociation, characterized by altered consciousness and perception, underlies multiple mental disorders, but the specific neuronal subtypes involv...
Hippocampal PACAP signaling activation triggers a rapid antidepressant response.
Military Medical Research – July 23, 2024
Summary
A brain protein called PACAP could hold the key to faster-acting depression treatments. When researchers activated this protein in the hippocampus, it produced rapid antidepressant effects similar to ketamine. Using advanced optogenetic techniques and behavioral tests like novelty suppressed feeding, they found that PACAP levels drop during depression but increase with treatment. This discovery points to new possibilities for developing quick-acting antidepressants.
Abstract
The development of ketamine-like rapid antidepressants holds promise for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of depression, but the underlying cellu...
Under Pressure: Stronger depressive symptoms are associated with more positive expectations towards experimental treatments
OpenAlex – May 16, 2025
Summary
Individuals experiencing more severe depressive symptoms show greater openness to novel therapies like ketamine and psilocybin, a key insight for Mental Health Research Topics. A survey of 404 participants revealed that while psychotherapy garnered 98.3% acceptance, and psilocybin only 47.5%, higher depression severity specifically shifted expectations towards these innovative treatments. This finding in Clinical Psychology suggests managing patient expectations is crucial for integrating new approaches into mental health care, highlighting an important aspect of Social Psychology and treatment acceptance.
Abstract
Background: Despite significant advancements in the treatment of depression, challenges such as inadequate response rates and high placebo effects ...
Generation of enantiospecific monoclonal antibodies against (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry – January 17, 2026
Summary
A new antibody precisely distinguishes between mirror-image forms of hydroxynorketamine, a key ketamine metabolite. Through advanced bioconjugate chemistry and monoclonal antibody development, an antibody demonstrated strong responsiveness to (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine, with no responsiveness to its (2S,6S) counterpart. This antibody showed a sub-nanomolar affinity of 0.4 nM and over 150-fold selectivity compared to ketamine. This breakthrough enables future studies to understand how specific hydroxynorketamine enantiomers contribute to ketamine's rapid antidepressant effects.
Abstract
Antibodies against small psychoactive molecules have been developed for applications ranging from substance detection and overdose protection to me...
COnventional vs. Optimized PERiprocedural Analgosedation vs. Total IntraVEnous Anesthesia for Pulsed-Field Ablation: a Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial (COOPERATIVE-PFA).
Circulation – April 27, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking finding shows that over 80% of patients receiving conventional sedation during cardiac ablation procedures experience oxygen deficiency. This study compared three different sedation methods for heart rhythm treatment: traditional intermittent sedation, an optimized continuous approach using remimazolam-ketamine, and full anesthesia. The optimized sedation method proved significantly safer, with fewer breathing and blood pressure complications than both alternatives. Patient satisfaction remained high across all methods, but the remimazolam-ketamine combination emerged as the clear winner for both safety and effectiveness.
Abstract
Deep analgosedation (DAS) or general anesthesia (GA) is mandatory for pulsed-field ablation (PFA) of atrial fibrillation (AF). In contrast to DAS, ...
Exploring the interplay of chronic toxoplasmosis and NMDAR dysfunction: Insights into schizophrenia-like behaviors and therapeutic potential.
Open veterinary journal – July 01, 2024
Summary
A common parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, may trigger schizophrenia-like symptoms through similar brain mechanisms as ketamine. New research shows both trigger behavioral alterations and reduce vital brain receptors. Treatment with standard anti-parasitic drugs improved brain chemistry and antioxidant status, suggesting promising therapeutic directions for certain mental health conditions.
Abstract
Chronic toxoplasmosis has been strongly implicated in the development of psychosis and schizophrenia. Additionally, the understanding of schizophre...
Phenomenology and therapeutic potential of patient experiences during oral esketamine treatment for treatment-resistant depression: an interpretative phenomenological study.
Psychopharmacology – July 01, 2023
Summary
Patients receiving oral esketamine for severe depression report profound experiences of detachment and mystical encounters, offering new hope for those who haven't responded to conventional treatments. Through in-depth interviews with 17 patients, researchers found that while the medication produced varying effects, many experienced increased openness and spiritual connections, alongside temporary relief from negative thought patterns. Despite some challenging moments during treatment, patients reported meaningful shifts in perspective and emotional breakthroughs.
Abstract
Ketamine and its enantiomers are widely researched and increasingly used to treat mental disorders, especially treatment-resistant depression. The ...
The psychedelic renaissance: can psilocybin possibly combat depression?
International Journal of Surgery Global Health – November 01, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin shows significant promise for mental health. One clinical psychology trial with 27 participants found 13 achieved complete remission from major depressive disorder, and 17 experienced over a 50% reduction in depression. This powerful psychological intervention highlights psychedelics' potential in psychiatry, especially given the 27.6% rise in depression across the population. Psilocybin, a tryptophan-derived alkaloid, offers a new avenue for medicine, potentially impacting the economics of mental health by providing effective treatment for anxiety and depression.
Abstract
Mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety are major contributors to the overall global health burden. COVID-19 has further aggravated ...
[Psychedelic and dissociative agents in psychiatry: challenges in the treatment].
Der Nervenarzt – September 01, 2024
Summary
Ketamine and psychedelics are emerging as groundbreaking options in mental health care. While ketamine shows remarkable success in treating depression, careful monitoring of side effects and addictive potential remains crucial. Recent approvals in multiple countries highlight growing acceptance, though treatment risks must be balanced against benefits. Current evidence suggests these therapies are safe when properly administered, but study quality varies and protocols need standardization.
Abstract
With the discovery of the antidepressive effects of ketamine and the increasing withdrawal of the pharmaceutical industry from the development of n...
Comparison of Laboratory Confirmed Drugs in Acute Recreational Drug Toxicity Presentations to an Urban Hospital in London, UK, 2016/17 versus 2019/20.
Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology – January 01, 2025
Summary
Drug patterns at a London hospital reveal shifting trends: Cannabis, ketamine, and opioid use increased significantly from 2016 to 2020, while MDMA and alcohol-related cases declined. Novel psychoactive substances evolved, with new synthetic benzodiazepines emerging and traditional "legal highs" becoming less common. The findings reflect broader European drug use patterns.
Abstract
Novel Psychoactive Substance (NPS) use is increasingly prevalent and is often associated with severe acute recreational drug toxicity (ARDT). 258 U...
Prevalence of new psychoactive substances and drugs of abuse in the hair of individuals diagnosed with substance use disorder: Polydrug and emerging pattern of consumption.
Journal of forensic sciences – March 01, 2025
Summary
Hair analysis reveals striking patterns in drug use: 96% of patients with substance use disorder tested positive for at least one substance, with two-thirds using multiple drugs. While traditional drugs dominated, new psychoactive substances emerged particularly among younger users. Ketamine appeared in 8% of cases, often alongside cocaine, while fentanyl was found in 3.4% of samples.
Abstract
People diagnosed with substance use disorder (SUD) might represent a high-risk subpopulation for New Psychoactive Drugs (NPS) consumption, and hair...
Development and description of a porcine model of combat casualty care for traumatic-hemorrhagic shock research and medical training.
European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society – May 22, 2025
Summary
Combat injuries often combine severe blood loss with physical trauma, yet most medical training relies on oversimplified models. This research evaluated different anesthesia methods in pigs to create a more realistic training platform for combat casualty care. Using a large animal model, researchers compared three anesthesia types while simulating battlefield injuries and hemorrhagic shock. Ketamine-midazolam and isoflurane proved most effective for training purposes, closely mimicking real-world traumatic injury scenarios.
Abstract
Despite the high incidence of death among cases of hemorrhagic shock associated with polytrauma, few animal models are representative of this combi...
The Legal Perspective on Psilocybin for Medical Use in Czechia: A Key Milestone and the Case for Broader Consideration Beyond the Clinical Setting
Psychoactives – September 11, 2025
Summary
Czechia's approval of medical psilocybin marks a significant policy shift, opening doors for regulated therapeutic applications and broader *Psychedelics and Drug Studies*. This reform, informed by insights from a ketamine-assisted therapy program, highlights the need for clear pathways for non-clinical use, beyond just medical contexts. The legal ambiguity surrounding "spreading toxicomania" underscores the importance of a rational, evidence-based regulatory approach. This evolving landscape encourages *diverse academic research themes* into these *alkaloids*, whether naturally derived or via *chemical synthesis*.
Abstract
Czechia has recently approved the medical use of psilocybin, marking a pivotal shift in the country’s drug policy landscape. This development paves...
Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders, or Substance Use Disorders
Canadian Journal of Health Technologies – June 24, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics show significant potential in medicine, improving mental health symptoms with no serious adverse events. One randomized controlled trial found psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy efficacious for mood disorders like depression. Across two systematic reviews and three randomized controlled trials, various hallucinogens, including MDMA, combined with psychotherapist support, demonstrated clinical effectiveness for conditions like anxiety. This growing area in clinical psychology and psychiatry, part of broader drug studies, explores how these compounds, often from chemical synthesis, influence behavior. Sample sizes were typically under 20, warranting further investigation.
Abstract

 Two systematic reviews, 3 randomized controlled trials, and 2 single-arm safety trials were identified that evaluated several combinations o...
Comparative Analysis and Structure Identification of Oxidative Metabolites and Hydrogenation Metabolite Enantiomers for 2-Fluorodeschloroketamine.
Journal of analytical toxicology – May 19, 2023
Summary
The body's processing of the synthetic drug 2-fluorodeschloroketamine (2-FDCK) is now comprehensively understood. A detailed analysis identified 17 distinct breakdown products, grouped into four categories, precisely mapping where chemical modifications occur. Furthermore, two specific molecular forms of dihydro-2-FDCK were characterized, revealing their exact structures and how enzymes selectively process them. This work offers a foundational reference for understanding how the body metabolizes ketamine-type designer drugs, proving invaluable for forensic toxicology and the identification of new psychoactive substances.
Abstract
In this study, we used solid-phase extraction with liquid chromatography-ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-IT-TOF-MS) to analyze 2-fluo...
Effects of Binaural Beat Music and Esketamine for ECT in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol.
Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment – January 01, 2025
Summary
Could music enhance mental health treatments? A clinical trial explores if binaural beat music, alone or with ketamine, improves electroconvulsive therapy for severe depression. This music therapy aims to boost efficacy and reduce adverse effects. 476 patients will receive standard care, music, ketamine, or both alongside electroconvulsive therapy. Positive results are expected to optimize depression treatment and improve patient prognosis.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) has a high incidence and high risk of suicide. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly effective and rapid phys...
A century of research on psychedelics: A scientometric analysis on trends and knowledge maps of hallucinogens, entactogens, entheogens and dissociative drugs.
European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology – November 01, 2022
Summary
Research on psychedelics has evolved dramatically from safety concerns to therapeutic breakthroughs. Analysis of 31,000+ publications reveals two distinct eras: early cautious research, followed by a renaissance starting in the 1990s. Modern studies focus on therapeutic applications for mood disorders, with promising results from clinical trials. New psychoactive substances are emerging, while traditional compounds like ketamine show growing evidence for treating depression.
Abstract
A scientometric analysis was realized to outline clinical research on psychedelics over the last century. Web of Science Core Collection was search...
Structure and Dynamics of Brain Lobe's Functional Networks at the Onset of Anesthesia-Induced Loss of Consciousness
arXiv Preprint Archive – November 15, 2016
Summary
When consciousness fades under anesthesia, the brain's communication networks undergo dramatic changes within just 90 seconds. Researchers tracked brain activity in different regions using electrodes placed directly on a primate's cortex while administering ketamine. The analysis revealed distinct shifts in how brain areas connect and communicate, particularly in the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital regions. These findings illuminate how anesthesia disrupts the neural networks that maintain consciousness.
Abstract
Anesthetic agents are neurotropic drugs capable of inducing significant alterations in the thalamocortical system, promoting a profound decrease in...
Volumetric mesoscopic electrophysiology: a new imaging modality for the nonhuman primate.
Journal of neurophysiology – April 01, 2025
Summary
Scientists have developed a groundbreaking way to observe brain activity across an entire primate hemisphere simultaneously. By implanting nearly 1,000 sensors throughout the brain, researchers captured detailed electrical signals (local field potentials) with unprecedented coverage. The technique revealed how ketamine, a drug that can mirror schizophrenia-like states, disrupts normal brain connectivity patterns during resting state. This advancement bridges the gap between traditional EEG and other brain imaging methods, offering both wide coverage and precise timing.
Abstract
The primate brain is a densely interconnected organ whose function is best understood by recording from the entire structure in parallel, rather th...
Esketamine combined with a mindfulness-based intervention for individuals with alcohol problems.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – June 01, 2024
Summary
Combining esketamine with mindfulness practices shows promising results for treating alcohol use disorder. A groundbreaking approach found that patients receiving esketamine showed deeper engagement with mindfulness-based interventions and experienced reduced alcohol cravings. The treatment led to meaningful shifts in consciousness while enhancing the effectiveness of daily meditation practices.
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a major public health issue, posing harmful consequences for individuals and society. Recent advances in addiction re...
Neural assemblies coordinated by cortical waves are associated with waking and hallucinatory brain states.
Cell reports – April 23, 2024
Summary
Brain waves that sweep across the cortex like waves on a beach play a crucial role in how we perceive reality. During wakefulness, visual stimuli trigger organized waves that coordinate neural activity across brain regions. Under anesthesia with isoflurane, these waves stop responding to visual input. Intriguingly, ketamine creates a unique state where similar wave patterns occur spontaneously, possibly explaining its hallucinatory effects.
Abstract
The relationship between sensory stimuli and perceptions is brain-state dependent: in wakefulness, suprathreshold stimuli evoke perceptions; under ...
Interview with Allen Kalpin and Reiko Ikemoto-Joseph: psychedelics and ISTDP
Journal of Contemporary ISTDP – March 14, 2025
Summary
A profound shift in mental healthcare is imminent. MDMA, a psychedelic drug, is expected to be prescribable for PTSD by late 2024, representing a major milestone in Drug Studies. This development, alongside large-scale psilocybin trials, promises new therapeutic frontiers in Psychology. Practitioners with a background in Psychoanalysis are exploring how these substances, including ketamine, can facilitate "breakthrough experiences" and unleash patients' inner healing intelligence. Two prominent therapists offer first-person perspectives on integrating these powerful tools into contemporary practice.
Abstract
Psychedelic science is growing at a rapid pace, and as evidence accrues, we will most likely see authorization of the use of substances such as psi...
Effects of Different Anesthesia Applications on Mood, Depression, and Anxiety Levels in Burn Patients.
Journal of burn care & research : official publication of the American Burn Association – November 14, 2024
Summary
Ketamine-based sedation shows promising results in reducing depression and anxiety among patients with burns. A comprehensive analysis of 67 burn patients revealed that those receiving ketamine-based sedation experienced significant mood improvements and decreased anxiety levels after their procedures. While both traditional and ketamine-based methods proved effective, the ketamine group showed notably better results in managing depression symptoms. Remarkably, no participants displayed suicidal tendencies throughout the study period.
Abstract
Adequate and effective pain management and prevention of depression are essential in patients with burns. This study aims to explore the effects of...
A Phase 1 Assessment of the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine in Healthy Volunteers.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics – November 01, 2024
Summary
A promising ketamine metabolite shows potential for treating depression without the typical dissociative side effects. This first-in-human trial evaluated (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine through IV administration in healthy volunteers. The compound proved safe across all doses, with minimal side effects and no sedation or dissociation. It showed predictable drug levels in the body and reached the brain effectively, marking a significant step toward a potentially safer antidepressant option.
Abstract
(R,S)-Ketamine (ketamine) is a dissociative anesthetic that also possesses analgesic and antidepressant activity. Undesirable dissociative side eff...
NMDA receptor modulation by Esculetin: Investigating behavioral, biochemical and neurochemical effects in schizophrenic mice model.
Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society – April 01, 2024
Summary
A natural compound found in plants shows promise in treating schizophrenia. Esculetin, derived from certain herbs, effectively reduced symptoms in mice by targeting brain inflammation and chemical imbalances. The compound protected against oxidative stress and boosted BDNF, a crucial protein for brain health, while counteracting ketamine-induced symptoms. This natural approach could offer a gentler alternative to current treatments.
Abstract
Schizophrenia, a global mental health disorder affecting approximately 1 % of the population, is characterized by neurotransmitter dysregulation, p...
Metabolite elucidation of 2-fluoro-deschloroketamine (2F-DCK) using molecular networking across three complementary in vitro and in vivo models.
Drug testing and analysis – January 01, 2022
Summary
Crucially, specific metabolites of the new psychoactive substance 2F-DCK can now improve forensic detection. Investigating its metabolism using a HepaRG cell line and human liver microsomes, combined with molecular networking, revealed thirteen metabolites *in vitro*. These experiments, involving incubations up to 24 hours, yielded vital metabolic profiles. Subsequently, seven additional metabolites were identified in a post-mortem case, including three minor Phase II metabolites. The findings propose that nor-2F-DCK and a hydrogenated metabolite be added to HRMS libraries, significantly enhancing the ability to detect 2F-DCK use.
Abstract
This work first aims to investigate metabolites of 2-fluoro-deschloroketamine (2F-DCK), a new arylcyclohexylamine derivatives (a group of dissociat...
Fatal intoxication related to two new arylcyclohexylamine derivatives (2F-DCK and 3-MeO-PCE).
Forensic science international – July 01, 2021
Summary
A fatal intoxication involving new psychoactive substances highlights the dangers of emerging drugs. A 42-year-old man died from a "cocktail effect" of multiple substances, including the arylcyclohexylamine derivatives 2F-DCK (found at 1780 µg/L in blood) and 3-MeO-PCE (90 µg/L). Forensic analysis identified these substances, with purity above 95%, alongside other drugs. Hair analysis also revealed months of prior substance use. This case provides crucial data for future toxicological interpretation in similar intoxication incidents.
Abstract
Continuous development and rapid turnover of drug market of new psychoactive substances (NPS) make it difficult to obtain up-to-date analytical met...
Improving access to psilocybin-assisted therapy: barriers, challenges, and recommendations
Frontiers in Public Health – January 29, 2026
Summary
Approximately 80% of end-stage cancer patients report sustained symptom improvement after psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT), a striking contrast to conventional antidepressant treatments. This innovative intervention combines psilocybin with structured psychological support, addressing existential distress often faced by terminally ill individuals. Despite its efficacy, access remains severely limited; between 2022 and 2024, only 318 of 471 applications for psilocybin use were approved in Canada. Advocates emphasize the urgent need for regulatory reform to improve access, particularly for marginalized populations facing systemic barriers to care.
Abstract
Psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) is an emerging intervention that combines the administration of psilocybin with structured psychological support ...
Zebrafish embryo-larval testing reveals differential toxicity of new psychoactive substances.
Toxicology reports – June 01, 2025
Summary
Using zebrafish embryos as test subjects, researchers discovered that emerging recreational drugs have vastly different toxicity levels. While ketamine-like compounds showed minimal effects at early stages, synthetic cannabinoids caused severe developmental issues and high mortality rates. This finding helps explain why these substances pose such varying levels of risk to human health.
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS) have emerged as a significant public health concern, with synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) and ket...
Intraoperative Pain Management for Treatment-Resistant Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Case Report.
Cureus – November 01, 2024
Summary
Innovative pain management breakthrough: Doctors successfully treated severe complex regional pain syndrome using targeted nerve surgery combined with intraoperative ketamine. This approach provided immediate relief for chronic neuropathic pain and reduced post-surgery opioid needs. The patient's dramatic improvement highlights how understanding CRPS pathophysiology leads to better outcomes, especially when treating advanced stages of CRPS.
Abstract
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic neuropathic pain disorder often following trauma, associated with severe pain and autonomic dist...