1731 results for "Ketamine"
Classification of psychedelics and psychoactive drugs based on brain-wide imaging of cellular c-Fos expression
Nature Communications – February 12, 2025
Summary
A novel neuroscience approach accurately classifies psychoactive drugs, showing promise for future medicine. Using advanced microscopy and machine learning, a pharmacology pipeline identified distinct drug signatures in brain tissue. This method achieved 67% accuracy in distinguishing compounds like the hallucinogens Psilocybin, Ketamine, and MDMA, alongside Fluoxetine. Psilocybin was discriminated from other drugs with over 95% accuracy. Such precise drug studies advance our understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, critical for developing new treatments for brain disorders.
Abstract
Psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA are psychoactive compounds that exert behavioral effects with distinguishable but also overlapping features. The gro...
Psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression
International Journal of Bipolar Disorders – July 05, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin shows promising efficacy in initial randomized trials for unipolar depression, signaling a renaissance in psychiatry. This hallucinogen, alongside lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline, influences mood by affecting neurotransmitter receptors. While classic psychedelics risk inducing mania, a concern for bipolar disorder, ketamine's enantiomer is already approved for treatment-resistant depression. Clinical psychology explores psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Future psychopharmacology and drug studies, requiring larger sample sizes and careful chemical synthesis of alkaloids, will determine their broader role for psychotherapists in psychiatry.
Abstract
Abstract This is a narrative review about the role of classic and two atypical psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression. Si...
Unveiling the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Antidepressants: A Systematic Review of Human Studies over the Last Decade.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) – June 10, 2025
Summary
Did you know depression is linked to inflammation? Evidence reveals that common treatments like SSRI and SNRI medications, and even ketamine, actively reduce inflammation in humans. By lowering pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, these therapies offer a promising dual benefit, addressing both depression symptoms and the underlying inflammation.
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Depression ranks among the most prevalent mental health conditions globally, marked by a variety of symptoms that frequently...
The effects of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine on oxycodone withdrawal and reinstatement.
Drug and alcohol dependence – December 01, 2023
Summary
Low doses of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) show promise in treating opioid use disorder, reducing withdrawal symptoms and cravings without the misuse potential associated with ketamine. In experiments with male and female oxycodone-dependent mice, a 24-hour pretreatment with HNK significantly decreased withdrawal-like behaviors and overall withdrawal scores during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Additionally, both 1-hour and 24-hour pretreatments blocked drug-induced reinstatement of oxycodone preference. Importantly, HNK did not affect locomotor activity or anxiety-like behaviors, suggesting a safer profile for managing OUD.
Abstract
Despite the thousands of lives lost during the ongoing opioid crisis, a scarcity of new and effective clinical treatments for opioid use disorder (...
5-Year Trends in Use of Hallucinogens and Other Adjunct Drugs among UK Dance Drug Users
European Addiction Research – December 18, 2006
Summary
A significant shift in drug use patterns emerged among people in dance contexts. While LSD use declined, a sharp rise in psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, was observed between 2002–2003. Ketamine and other adjunct drugs also showed increasing prevalence from 1999–2003. These trends, vital for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, highlight evolving drug choices. Understanding their Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior is crucial for psychological intervention and psychiatry, as some hallucinogens like psilocybin are explored as potential medicine.
Abstract
<i>Aims:</i> To describe and assess trends in the use of hallucinogens and other adjunct drugs over a 5-year period. <i>Design:&l...
Psychedelics Improve the Mental Health of Rats
The FASEB Journal – April 01, 2019
Summary
A single dose of the hallucinogen psilocybin produced long-lasting antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in rats, suggesting a neurochemical basis beyond human psychology. Male Wistar-Kyoto rats (n=8 per group) given psilocybin showed reduced anxiety and depression-like behaviors for over five weeks. Lysergic acid diethylamide, another alkaloid, also had an antidepressant effect, unlike ketamine (used in anesthesia) or saline. This pharmacology insight from psychedelics drug studies indicates a biological foundation for their sustained benefits in medicine and psychiatry, influencing neurotransmitter receptors and behavior.
Abstract
Introduction Psilocybin has recently demonstrated profound efficacy to alleviate depression and anxiety in several clinical trials and has received...
Review: The use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in clinical trials and experimental research studies for depression
Frontiers in Neuroimaging – June 27, 2023
Summary
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reveals a common pathway for antidepressant efficacy in Major depressive disorder. Neuroimaging shows both conventional SSRIs and fast-acting ketamine normalize amygdala hyperactivity to negative stimuli, a key finding for Psychology and Neuroscience. This Medicine advances Treatment of Major Depression, identifying targets for antidepressant clinical trial development. Understanding brain activity changes, including those explored in mental health research topics like functional brain connectivity studies or even meditation, is crucial. This helps address the profound impact of depression.
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a non-invasive technique that can be used to examine neural responses with and without the use of a...
Predicting Cardiovascular Collapse in Critically Ill Patients During Intubation Induction: A Prospective Observational Study.
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) – January 15, 2026
Summary
Patients experiencing peri-intubation cardiovascular collapse in the intensive care unit face a stark 74.2% mortality, compared to 20.6% for others. From 130 patients, 47.7% developed this critical event. Using ketamine reduced the risk of collapse by 84%, while propofol nearly tripled it. Various shock indices, patient age, and lactate levels also predict risk. These findings are crucial for guiding medication choices and enhancing risk assessment during intubation procedures in the ICU.
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the predictive significance of Shock Indices and induction agents in predicting the risk of ...
Natural language analysis of the structure of altered states of consciousness
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – May 17, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics like salvia and ketamine show remarkable similarities in content to non-drug methods of inducing altered states of consciousness (ASC), based on an analysis of 300 narrative reports. Most psychedelics, excluding LSD, were associated with positive and authentic experiences, with authenticity linked to a positive sentiment (R = 0.68). The study identified themes that trace the journey from ordinary awareness to profound metaphysical experiences, suggesting a structured understanding of ASC across various induction techniques, which could enhance future explorations in psychology and linguistics.
Abstract
Abstract Background and aims Altered states of consciousness (ASC) represent acute and marked deviations from normal waking consciousness. Investig...
Interaction of hallucinogenic rapid-acting antidepressants with mGlu2/3 receptor ligands as a window for more effective therapies.
Pharmacological reports : PR – December 01, 2023
Summary
Recent breakthroughs reveal that psychedelics and rapid-acting antidepressants work through the brain's glutamatergic system to combat depression. Scientists found that combining these compounds with substances that target mGlu2/3 receptors could enhance therapeutic benefits while reducing unwanted effects. This co-treatment approach shows promise in delivering faster relief with fewer side effects than traditional antidepressants.
Abstract
The desire to find a gold-standard therapy for depression is still ongoing. Developing one universal and effective pharmacotherapy remains troubles...
Infant Death due to Cannabis Ingestion.
Drug testing and analysis – May 21, 2025
Summary
A tragic case highlights the severe dangers of accidental cannabis exposure in children. After ingesting hashish, a young child developed critical symptoms including impaired balance and breathing difficulties. Emergency toxicology revealed high levels of tetrahydrocannabinol, leading to acute intoxication. The case underscores the importance of secure storage of cannabis products to prevent infant death.
Abstract
A child died in the emergency room of a local hospital a few hours after ingesting a substance the color of cork and the consistency of earth. At h...
Enhancing proteasome activity by NMDAR antagonists explains their therapeutic effect in neurodegenerative and mental diseases.
Scientific reports – January 13, 2025
Summary
Breakthrough research reveals how common brain medications work: they boost the cellular "cleanup crew." NMDAR antagonists, used to treat both mental and neurodegenerative diseases, enhance proteasome activity - a vital process that removes damaged proteins from brain cells. This explains their effectiveness in conditions like Alzheimer's and depression, where protein buildup causes problems. Tests showed rapid improvements in brain chemistry within hours of treatment.
Abstract
NMDAR antagonists, such as memantine and ketamine, have shown efficacy in treating neurodegenerative diseases and major depression. The mechanism b...
Salvinorin B derivatives, EOM-Sal B and MOM-Sal B, produce stimulus generalization in male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate salvinorin A.
Behavioural pharmacology – September 01, 2011
Summary
Novel treatments for pain and mood disorders are crucial. Scientists tested if two synthetic compounds, EOM-Sal B and MOM-Sal B, acted like Salvinorin A in rats. Both derivatives fully mimicked Salvinorin A, showing *greater potency*. EOM-Sal B also showed *longer-lasting effects*. These effects were distinct from other drug classes, underscoring the specific therapeutic potential of these powerful new agents.
Abstract
Salvinorin A, the main active component of Salvia divinorum, is a potent and selective κ opioid receptor agonist. Synthetic derivatives of this sub...
Response of iPSC-derived neurons from individuals with treatment-resistant depression to (2 R,6 R)-hydroxynorketamine and reelin: an exploratory study.
Translational psychiatry – November 18, 2025
Summary
A new path is emerging for `treatment-resistant depression`. By using `iPSC-derived neurons` from affected individuals, scientists observed that `(2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine` and `reelin` positively influenced crucial neuronal proteins and gene activity. Notably, `reelin` also enhanced `mTORC1 signaling`. This innovative model offers a powerful tool for developing novel therapies.
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is associated with worse clinical outcomes and longer course of illness. However, TRD is more difficult to mod...
Psychedelic assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: Recent work and clinical directions
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – June 09, 2022
Summary
Combining psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen and alkaloid influencing neurotransmitter receptors, with a psychotherapist's guidance yields more profound antidepressant effects on mood and cognition than either alone. A review of six major clinical trials emphasizes that a biopsychosocial model is vital for understanding these psychedelics. Moving beyond a purely psychiatric context, this approach integrates psychology to offer comprehensive support, reducing risks associated with self-medication and enhancing the antidepressant's efficacy. This holistic view is key for future drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract Psychedelic substances such as psilocybin and ketamine may represent the future of antidepressant treatment, due to their rapid and prolon...
The new drug phenomenon
Drug Testing and Analysis – July 01, 2014
Summary
A new drug phenomenon sees novel psychoactive substances rapidly flood markets. Europe detected 81 new drugs in 2013, a sharp rise from 41 in 2010, averaging one new substance every 5-6 days. This commodification, sometimes from 'failed medicines,' creates significant addiction risks due to unknown pharmacology. Forensic toxicology and drug analysis face immense challenges. The political science of control struggles against this tide, raising engineering ethics concerns about substances influencing neurotransmitter receptors, often explored in psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
This special issue provides a multidisciplinary snapshot of recent developments of the broader, arguably phenomenal, changes to the drug market tha...
Psychedelic Assisted Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder: A Review
OpenAlex – June 27, 2021
Summary
Combining the psychedelic psilocybin with psychotherapy yields more enduring antidepressant effects than either alone, a finding from a review of six major clinical trials. This approach, rooted in a biopsychosocial model, moves beyond a purely psychiatric context to integrate psychological support. Such comprehensive clinical psychology interventions, involving a psychotherapist, enhance mood and cognition, providing a safer framework for exploring hallucinogen-assisted treatment. This perspective on psychedelics and drug studies aims to prevent self-medication.
Abstract
Psychedelic substances such as psilocybin and ketamine may represent the future of antidepressant treatment, due to their rapid and prolonged effec...
The antidepressant potential of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine: A detailed review of pre-clinical findings.
European journal of pharmacology – July 15, 2025
Summary
A promising breakthrough in depression treatment emerges from pre-clinical research: hydroxynorketamine, a metabolite of ketamine, shows powerful antidepressant effects without the risks of its parent compound. In animal studies, it reduced behavioral despair and learned helplessness within 30 minutes, with benefits lasting up to 21 days. Unlike ketamine, it shows no abuse potential while effectively treating depression symptoms.
Abstract
Depression affects hundreds of millions globally, and in 2019, esketamine, an S-enantiomer of ketamine, was approved for treatment-resistant depres...
(2R, 6R)-hydroxynorketamine alleviates postictal depression induced by pilocarpine through modulating LRP4 expression in hippocampal astrocytes.
Epilepsy & behavior : E&B – March 01, 2025
Summary
A promising ketamine derivative shows potential in treating depression that follows epileptic seizures. Scientists found that (2R, 6R)-hydroxynorketamine reduces depression symptoms by regulating a key protein (LRP4) in brain cells. The treatment works quickly and lasts for days, without the side effects associated with ketamine, offering hope for better management of post-seizure depression.
Abstract
Postictal depression is a common comorbidity in epilepsy, yet effective treatments remain limited. While ketamine is well-known for its antidepress...
Esketamine for postoperative sleep disturbance: clinical evidence, mechanisms, and future directions.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2025
Summary
Post-surgery sleep problems are common and can significantly impede recovery. Emerging evidence suggests esketamine, a potent NMDA receptor antagonist and an isomer of ketamine, shows promise in improving postoperative sleep disturbance. This unique anesthetic, with its stronger effects and better safety profile than ketamine, appears to enhance sleep quality, offering a valuable approach to promote patient recovery after operations.
Abstract
Postoperative sleep disturbance (PSD) is a common complication following surgery. Numerous factors can contribute to PSD, including personal factor...
Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Psychedelics in Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD).
Advances in experimental medicine and biology – January 01, 2024
Summary
Breakthrough findings show psychedelics like psilocybin and ketamine offer hope for people who don't respond to traditional antidepressants. These compounds work differently - psilocybin affects serotonin pathways while ketamine targets glutamate systems - yet both provide rapid relief that lasts well beyond treatment. Clinical trials show strong safety profiles and high tolerability.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder, associated with substantial burden and large economical costs. Notwiths...
Efficacy and safety of eight enhanced therapies for treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of RCTs.
Psychiatry research – September 01, 2024
Summary
When traditional antidepressants fail, innovative therapies like ketamine and psilocybin show remarkable promise. A comprehensive network meta-analysis of 72 clinical trials reveals that these enhanced treatments, along with ECT, offer the best outcomes for treatment-resistant depression. Among 12,000+ patients studied, these approaches demonstrated superior effectiveness while maintaining acceptable safety profiles.
Abstract
Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) challenges psychiatric treatment, with existing guidelines covering only a subset of augmentation strategies. ...
Transcriptional Profiles in Nucleus Accumbens of Antidepressant Resistance in Chronically Stressed Mice.
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology – March 17, 2025
Summary
Brain chemistry reveals why some antidepressants work better after failed treatments. Scientists found that when standard antidepressants don't work initially, they actually "prime" the brain to respond better to ketamine therapy later. Using mouse studies, researchers discovered specific gene patterns in a brain reward center that influence both stress sensitivity and treatment success. This insight could help doctors better predict and personalize depression treatments.
Abstract
Unsuccessful response to several courses of antidepressants is a core feature of treatment-resistant depression (TRD), a severe condition that affe...
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor hypofunction causes recurrent and transient failures of perceptual inference.
Brain : a journal of neurology – May 13, 2025
Summary
Our brains constantly balance sensory input with stored knowledge to make sense of the world. New research reveals how ketamine disrupts this delicate process, offering insights into visual perception and psychosis. Scientists found that ketamine temporarily prevents the brain from properly integrating past experiences with current sensory information. This mirrors patterns seen in schizophrenia, where patients often struggle with bistable perception - the ability to switch between different interpretations of ambiguous visual scenes.
Abstract
Perception integrates external sensory signals with internal predictions that reflect prior knowledge about the world. Previous research suggests t...
Structural neural plasticity evoked by rapid-acting antidepressant interventions.
Nature reviews. Neuroscience – February 01, 2025
Summary
Groundbreaking research reveals how fast-acting antidepressants like ketamine can actually rewire brain connections within days. These treatments trigger growth of vital neural connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex, helping restore healthy brain function. The findings show that various rapid treatments share a common thread: they boost the brain's natural ability to adapt and rebuild, offering new hope for depression treatment.
Abstract
A feature in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), a mood disorder, is the impairment of excitatory synapses in the prefrontal co...
How Should We Expand Access to Psychedelics While Maintaining an Environment of Peace and Safety?
AMA journal of ethics – November 01, 2024
Summary
As psychedelic therapy gains mainstream acceptance, ketamine clinics offer valuable lessons for safely expanding access. Research shows that balancing medical oversight with personal autonomy is key - strict protocols protect vulnerable patients while avoiding over-medicalization. The solution involves clear guidelines distinguishing between clinical treatment and wellness applications, with appropriate safeguards for each path.
Abstract
Psychedelics have long been used by individuals seeking peace and a sense of wellness. This article examines widespread adoption of ketamine as a p...
Synaptic basis of rapid antidepressant action.
European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience – September 29, 2024
Summary
Ketamine's ability to lift depression within hours, rather than weeks, marks a breakthrough in mental health treatment. The drug works by triggering rapid changes in brain cell connections through synaptic plasticity, activating BDNF proteins and TrkB receptors. This process enhances spontaneous neurotransmitter release between neurons, helping restore healthy brain communication patterns and homeostatic balance. The findings reveal how fast-acting treatments can effectively combat depression without waiting for lengthy brain circuit rewiring.
Abstract
The discovery of ketamine's rapid antidepressant action has generated intense interest in the field of neuropsychiatry. This discovery demonstrated...
Repeated subcutaneous esketamine on treatment-resistant depression: An open-label dose titration study.
Journal of affective disorders – January 15, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking advancement in depression treatment shows that subcutaneous esketamine offers new hope for patients with treatment-resistant depression. Weekly injections over 8 weeks helped more than half of participants respond positively, with 35% achieving remission. This form of ketamine therapy proved easier to administer and more cost-effective than traditional methods, while maintaining strong effectiveness against unipolar depression.
Abstract
Ketamine has gained prominence as one of the most effective therapeutic options in unipolar treatment-resistant depression (TRD). However, most stu...
Effects of subanesthetic repeated esketamine infusions on memory function and NGF in patients with depression: An open-label study.
Journal of affective disorders – January 15, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking treatment shows promise for both mood and mind: repeated low-dose ketamine infusions not only reduced depression symptoms by half but also improved memory and cognitive function. The treatment boosted nerve growth factor levels in the blood, suggesting it helps rebuild brain connections. This antidepressant approach offers new hope for those with major depressive disorder.
Abstract
Subanesthetic ketamine is a rapidly acting antidepressant, yet the effects of ketamine on cognitive function are inconsistent. The primary objectiv...
Risk of complications using a sedation protocol for aeromedical retrieval of acutely unwell mental health patients: a retrospective cohort study in Outback Australia.
Emergency medicine journal : EMJ – July 16, 2025
Summary
For patients needing critical care transport due to acute mental health conditions, the choice of sedation during aeromedical retrieval is crucial for safety. Research explored if a specific sedation protocol could reduce risks for those with severe psychological conditions. Analyzing over a decade of air ambulance records, it compared patients treated with a protocol to others. Findings show that adhering to the protocol led to significantly fewer complications, both overall and severe. Specifically, using ketamine as part of this treatment approach was associated with improved safety outcomes, avoiding issues like intubation seen with other medications. This suggests a protocolized approach greatly enhances patient well-being during transport.
Abstract
Aeromedical transfer of acutely unwell mental health (AMH) patients presents potential risks to patient, staff and aircraft. Pharmacological option...
[Neurotrophic mechanisms of psychedelic therapy].
Biologie aujourd'hui – January 01, 2019
Summary
Therapeutic effects of psychedelics can last long after the drug is gone, suggesting they trigger lasting brain changes. Studies reveal how compounds like LSD and ketamine (kétamine) impact neurotrophic factors such as BDNF. The central idea is that despite different receptor targets, these psychedelics initiate similar beneficial plastic adaptations in the brain's prefrontal cortex. Positive findings indicate these mechanisms could effectively treat conditions like depression (dépression) and addiction, offering new avenues for mental health care.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs, often referred to as hallucinogens, are quite distinct from other classes of psychotropic drugs. Although the subjective and beh...
Criticality of resting-state EEG predicts perturbational complexity and level of consciousness during anesthesia.
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology – October 31, 2023
Summary
Consciousness may hinge on specific brain activity patterns, as shown by a study involving 30 healthy participants undergoing general anesthesia with propofol, xenon, or ketamine. While all were unresponsive, only those under ketamine experienced vivid dreams, indicating retained consciousness. Analysis revealed that unconscious states moved away from optimal brain activity levels, while individual consciousness could be predicted with an impressive accuracy (mean absolute error below 7%) using the perturbational complexity index. This highlights the importance of criticality in understanding consciousness.
Abstract
Consciousness has been proposed to be supported by electrophysiological patterns poised at criticality, a dynamical regime which exhibits adaptive ...
Electrodynamics of the Psychedelic Experience
Preprints.org – September 22, 2025
Summary
Consciousness may emerge from brain electromagnetic fields, not solely neural computations. Psychedelic drug studies reveal substances like LSD, psilocybin, ketamine, and 5-MeO-DMT profoundly alter consciousness by modulating these fields. Evidence suggests these chemicals act as "field resonance enhancers." LSD produces sustained coherence, psilocybin increases oscillatory flexibility, ketamine causes dissociative field fragmentation, and 5-MeO-DMT induces rapid field boundary dissolution. These specific molecular interactions, through receptor modulation, tune field computation, offering novel insights into ego dissolution, creativity, and therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Electromagnetic field theories of consciousness propose that consciousness emerges from resonant electromagnetic field interactions rather than pur...
Reappraisal of the hype and hope offered by psilocybin treatment of depression
New Zealand Medical Journal – September 15, 2025
Summary
Early findings suggest psilocybin holds promise for depression, a significant area in Psychology and Mental Health. However, a review of Psychedelics and Drug Studies reveals methodological challenges like expectation bias. While generally well tolerated, side effects are often not systematically reported, and some recipients may experience harm. Comparing with ketamine for treatment-resistant depression shows similar issues, but ketamine's positive evidence is currently stronger. Therefore, the current data on psilocybin's efficacy and safety in Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications is insufficient to warrant wider availability for depression treatment.
Abstract
aim: To provide a balanced account of psilocybin treatment of depression for expectations to be appropriately set. method: Review and discussion of...
#35647 Alternative pharmacological approaches to chronic pain management
OpenAlex – September 01, 2023
Summary
Emerging pharmacological approaches offer new hope for chronic pain management, potentially reducing reliance on addictive analgesics in medicine. Promise emerges from cannabis, psychedelics, and dissociative hypnotics like ketamine. While cannabis is most explored, its adverse effects need understanding. Ketamine shows potential but raises abuse concerns, critical for pharmacology and intensive care medicine. Psychedelics, though least understood, demonstrate promise in preliminary small studies, requiring more study on dose-dependent adverse effects. Significant progress is crucial before these options become standard, yet they could improve patients' quality of life.
Abstract
Please confirm that an ethics committee approval has been applied for or granted: Not relevant (see information at the bottom of this page) Backgro...
Potential molecular pathways and therapeutic implications of rapid-acting antidepressants on myelin biology: a scoping review.
Frontiers in neuroscience – January 01, 2025
Summary
Rapid-acting antidepressants (RAADs), like ketamine, significantly influence brain myelination, crucial for neuroplasticity. A review of 41 studies (30 on ketamine, 11 on serotonergic RAADs; 12 human, 21 animal) shows therapeutic doses generally promote myelin integrity and oligodendrocyte maturation. This suggests RAADs impact neuronal activity-dependent myelination. Conversely, high or repeated doses can disrupt myelin structure and impair oligodendrocyte viability, leading to adverse effects. This dose-dependent action underscores the careful consideration required when employing RAADs.
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that rapid-acting antidepressants (RAADs)-including ketamine and serotonergic psychedelics- may affect myelin homeostas...
Adenosine as the metabolic common path of rapid antidepressant action: The coffee paradox.
Brain medicine : from neurons to behavior and better health – December 31, 2025
Summary
A unifying mechanism for rapid-acting antidepressants has been uncovered: adenosine signaling. Ketamine, ECT, and acute intermittent hypoxia all trigger adenosine surges by activating A1 and A2A receptors in mood-regulating brain circuits. This suggests ketamine's antidepressant effects stem from mitochondrial metabolism modulation, not just NMDA receptor antagonism, paving the way for improved therapies for depression. The findings also prompt critical questions about how chronic caffeine or coffee consumption might impact treatment response or offer protection in treatment-resistant depression.
Abstract
Yue, Luo, and colleagues discovered that adenosine signalling is the common underlying mechanism of rapid acting antidepressant therapies, unifying...
Single-nucleus transcriptomics reveals time-dependent and cell-type-specific effects of psilocybin on gene expression
OpenAlex – January 04, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, profoundly alters brain Biology, a key Neuroscience finding. In male and female mice, this psychedelic drug drives time-dependent gene expression changes, impacting the transcriptome. Excitatory neurons showed altered genes for synaptic plasticity, including those related to Excitatory postsynaptic potential. GABAergic neurons exhibited shifts in mitochondrial function genes. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies suggest a Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, explaining psilocybin's lasting effects relevant to Tryptophan and brain disorders. Ketamine produced similar gene expression shifts.
Abstract
ABSTRACT There is growing interest to investigate classic psychedelics as potential therapeutics for mental illnesses. Previous studies have demons...
Psychoactive substances for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Asian journal of psychiatry – November 01, 2024
Summary
Groundbreaking treatments using psychedelics are transforming mental healthcare. Ketamine offers rapid relief for severe depression, while MDMA shows remarkable success in treating PTSD. These substances, along with other psychedelics, work by altering brain chemistry and enhancing emotional processing. Clinical trials reveal significant improvements in patients with various neuropsychiatric disorders, often after just a few supervised sessions.
Abstract
In the contemporary landscape of psychiatric medicine, critical advancements have been noted in the utilization of psychoactive substances such as ...
Associations between individual hallucinogens and hallucinogen misuse among U.S. Adults who recently initiated hallucinogen use.
Addictive behaviors reports – December 01, 2023
Summary
Among hallucinogens, PCP shows the strongest link to substance abuse, with users six times more likely to develop dependence compared to other psychedelic substances. Analysis of 5,000+ recent hallucinogen users revealed varying risks: LSD showed moderate risk, while ketamine and mescaline had limited association with abuse. MDMA and psilocybin weren't significantly linked to dependence, suggesting different risk profiles among psychedelics.
Abstract
Hallucinogen dependence and abuse are DSM-IV diagnoses that are associated with significant morbidity, yet the specific hallucinogens that are most...
Did Serendipity Contribute to the Discovery of New Antidepressant Drugs? Historical Analysis Using Operational Criteria.
Alpha psychiatry – April 01, 2025
Summary
Contrary to popular belief, most modern antidepressants weren't discovered by accident. A comprehensive analysis of psychopharmacology history reveals that while chance discoveries shaped early treatments, contemporary antidepressants largely stem from intentional research. Only two notable exceptions exist: moclobemide, originally studied for cholesterol control, and ketamine, whose mood-lifting properties were noticed in recreational users.
Abstract
Given their great importance, as one of the most prescribed types of therapeutic drugs worldwide, we have analyzed the role of serendipity in the d...
New Pharmacologic Approaches to the Treatment of Bipolar Depression.
Drugs – July 01, 2023
Summary
Recent breakthroughs in bipolar depression treatment offer new hope, with several innovative medications showing promising results. Two new antipsychotic medications have proven effective in large clinical trials, while ketamine infusions demonstrate rapid improvement in mood and reduced suicidal thoughts. Novel approaches using neurosteroids and anti-inflammatory agents are also emerging, expanding treatment options beyond traditional medications.
Abstract
Depression is the most commonly experienced mood state over the life span in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) and is the primary driver of fu...
Persistent aura without infarction.
Current opinion in neurology – June 01, 2025
Summary
Some migraine auras can persist for days or weeks without causing brain damage, presenting a unique medical challenge. When cortical spreading depression occurs without resolving naturally, it creates continuous visual disturbances and other neurological symptoms. Several medications show promise in treating this condition, including acetazolamide, valproic acid, and zonisamide. Ketamine and furosemide have also demonstrated effectiveness, particularly when combined with cortisone therapy.
Abstract
The scope of this review is to discuss persistent aura without infarction, a rare, highly disabling, yet apparently benign clinical condition, stra...
Neurotoxicity mechanisms and clinical implications of six common recreational drugs.
Frontiers in pharmacology – January 01, 2025
Summary
Popular recreational drugs share a devastating ability to damage the nervous system through common destructive pathways. While methamphetamine and cocaine disrupt brain chemistry and blood flow, ketamine and nitrous oxide impair vital cellular functions. Heroin and synthetic cathinones cause inflammation and stress damage. Understanding these mechanisms helps develop targeted treatments.
Abstract
The recreational abuse of addictive drugs poses considerable challenges to public health, leading to widespread neurotoxicity and neurological dysf...
Effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for treatment-resistant depression in older patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
BMJ mental health – March 03, 2025
Summary
One in three older adults with hard-to-treat depression found relief through alternative treatments, offering new hope for those who haven't responded to standard antidepressants. Recent analysis of multiple studies in adult psychiatry shows promising results for treatment-resistant depression & mood disorders in seniors. Ketamine therapy emerged as particularly effective, tripling the chances of recovery compared to placebo. Other approaches, including magnetic brain stimulation and personalized medication plans based on genetic testing, also showed positive outcomes in treating depression in older adults.
Abstract
Depression in older adults is often undertreated. A 2011 systematic review of treatments for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in older adults i...
Effects of psychedelics on opioid use disorder: a scoping review of preclinical studies.
Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS – January 21, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics show promising potential in treating opioid use disorder, with compounds like ibogaine and ketamine reducing drug-seeking behavior in animals. Studies reveal these substances can decrease opioid self-administration, ease withdrawal symptoms, and diminish conditioned place preference - where animals associate certain locations with drug rewards. While most research focuses on iboga-derived compounds, multiple psychedelics demonstrate effectiveness in reducing opioid dependence.
Abstract
The current opioid crisis has had an unprecedented public health impact. Approved medications for opioid use disorder (OUD) exist, yet their limita...
Relative effectiveness of antidepressant treatments in treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – May 01, 2025
Summary
When standard depression treatments fail, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) proves most effective, showing nearly 13 times higher success rates than placebo. This comprehensive analysis of 69 clinical trials covering 10,000+ patients revealed six treatments outperforming placebo: ECT, minocycline, targeted brain stimulation, magnetic stimulation, ketamine, and aripiprazole. These options offer hope for those struggling with hard-to-treat depression.
Abstract
This systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) sought to compare different antidepressant treatments for treatment-resistant depression (TR...
Zebra_K, a kinematic analysis automated platform for assessing sensitivity, habituation and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response in adult zebrafish.
The Science of the total environment – January 01, 2025
Summary
Scientists have discovered fascinating gender differences in how fish react to sudden sounds. Using a new kinematic analysis platform, researchers found female zebrafish show stronger acoustic startle responses but adapt more slowly than males. The platform measures how adult zebrafish respond to, and learn from, repeated sound stimuli. Testing with ketamine confirmed the system's effectiveness for studying sensorimotor gating and neuroplasticity.
Abstract
The acoustic startle response (ASR) is leaded by a sudden and intense acoustic stimulus. ASR has several forms of plasticity, including habituation...
Evaluation of SK-N-SH Cells as a Model for NMDA Receptor Induced Toxicity.
Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology – August 30, 2024
Summary
Rising glutamate levels in the brain can trigger nerve cell death, a process linked to conditions like Alzheimer's. Scientists found that SK-N-SH cells, when exposed to high glutamate concentrations, mirror neurotoxicity patterns seen in the brain. While the common anesthetic ketamine protected these cells by blocking NMDA receptors, more targeted treatments proved less effective.
Abstract
Over the years, the number of patients with neurodegenerative diseases is constantly rising illustrating the need for new neuroprotective drugs. A ...
Assessment of illicit drug use in Seoul, the capital of South Korea for 21 days by wastewater-based epidemiology.
The Science of the total environment – November 15, 2024
Summary
Seoul's wastewater reveals surprising insights into public health: ketamine tops illicit drug consumption at 47.5mg per 1,000 people daily. Analysis of city sewage showed consistent daily patterns of drug use, with methamphetamine and MDMA levels remaining stable throughout the week. Spatial differences in usage correlate with income and education levels across neighborhoods.
Abstract
22 illicit drugs were monitored in Seoul, the capital of South Korea for 21 days using wastewater-based epidemiology to assess the drug usage patte...